ABSTRACT

Background: Oral health problems can be considered a public health setback due to its high prevalence and significant social impact. Hence, it is essential to combat oral diseases with preventive approach and focus on education and promotion.

Objective: To assess the oral hygiene-related knowledge, attitude, and practices among the patients visiting Department of Public Health Dentistry of a dental hospital in Udaipur city, Rajasthan, India.

Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among the patients visiting the Department of Public Health Dentistry at Pacific Dental College & Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. A total of 500 patients were selected by simple random sampling method. A self-constructed selfadministered questionnaire was used comprising questions regarding oral health knowledge, attitude, and practices. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used for statistical analysis.

Results: Among the study population, if dental decay is present, majority (44%) did not care if pain was absent. Merely 45.6% knew that tobacco causes oral cancer. A larger proportion of respondents (66%) did not know that oral health is related to systemic health. Majority (58.8%) used toothbrush and toothpaste and 52% had tongue cleaning habit. Rural population showed lesser frequency of toothbrushing in comparison to urban population, only 43.3% of them used toothbrush and toothpaste.

Conclusion: The knowledge and attitude of the study subjects about oral health were found to be nonsatisfactory, but the oral health practices seemed to be acceptable. The rural population requires attention in all the aspects of oral health maintenance. Oral health promotion programs are required to improve the current status of the population.

Keywords: Attitude, Knowledge, Oral hygiene, Rural, Urban.

How to cite this article: Sen N, Mandal A, Bhat N, Asawa K, Sultane P, Chhabra S, Chatterjee S, Vashishtha V. Oral Healthrelated Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices among Patients attending the Department of Public Health Dentistry of a Dental Hospital in Udaipur, India. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2017;4(1):43-49.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

The role of bacterial plaque in the etiology of periodontal disease has been extensively documented. The contribution of dental plaque to the etiology of gingival and periodontal desease is wellestablished. The increased plaque levels resulting due to inadequate plaque control, in turn, result in an evolution of a more pathogenic microflora. This transition in microflora composition induces a well-characterized host inflammation response of the marginal gingiva known as gingivitis, which is characterized by redness, gingival bleeding, edema, and gingival tenderness. It is now universally contended that prevention and inhibition of plaque accumulation on the tooth surfaces are likely to cause a major breakthrough to achieve optimum periodontal health.
Thus, regular removal of plaque both above and below the gingival margin should be of a major focus in the prevention and treatment of the disease. Regular removal of supragingival plaque has been shown to reduce counts of pathogenic species both supra and subgingivally. The primary intervention for removal of plaque and concomitant prevention of gingivitis for most people is a routine oral hygiene as delivered through toothbrushing. Although many toothbrushes, if used properly, can provide effective plaque control.
The electric toothbrush is both efficient and surprisingly appealing to patients. For these reasons, it has a definite use for some patients, such as individuals lacking fine motor skills, especially the handicapped and those who lack digital dexterity. Comparative studies are also available with regard to brushing techniques claiming significance of one over the other performed by both manual and powered toothbrush (PTB). The purpose of this review is to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and efficacy of the PTB for the removal of supragingival plaque and improving gingival health and to compare it with a regular manual toothbrush with help of the meta analysis of various previous original researches.

Keywords: Gingivtis, Manual toothbrush, Oral hygiene, Plaque control, Powered toothbrush.

How to cite this article: Avinash J, Singh A, Singh DK, Powered Toothbrush vs Manual Toothbrush: Generation X of Mechanical Plaque Control. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2017;4(2):122-132.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Long-term success of a restoration is dependent on maintenance of harmony between the various components of stomatognathic system. The goal of any restorative treatment is to establish posterior occlusal contacts that stabilize the occlusion and to provide anterior guidance which will provide predictable amount of disocclusion during protrusive and lateral excursions. The clinician should have fundamental knowledge about the components of stomatognathic system, to restore the occlusion for the optimal functioning of stomatognathic system. Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment planning should be carried out to decide whether the existing occlusion should be changed or not. If a reorganized approach is needed, it requires correction of the existing occlusion and the generation of a new occlusal scheme. This is quite challenging. It is not possible to propose a single protocol to treat every case. However, this article proposes certain guidelines which could be modified depending on existing occlusal condition of the patient.

Keywords: Fixed partial denture, Interferences, Occlusion, Rehabilitation.

How to cite this article: Zarina R, Jaini JL, Raj RS. A Systematic Approach for Rehabilitation of Occlusion in Fixed Partial Denture. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2017;4(2):136-141.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

The present case report discusses the case of full mouth rehabilitation using Hobo twin-stage occlusal philosophy. Diagnostic maxillary and mandibular impressions were made and articulated using HANAU wide-Vue semiadjustable articulator. Diagnostic wax-up was done according to conditions 1 and 2 of Hobo’s twin-stage procedure followed by full mouth rehabilitation with porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) full-coverage fixed restorations at an acceptably restored vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO). The treatment goal was to achieve functional and esthetic harmony within the stomatognathic system.

Keywords: Disocclusion, Full mouth rehabilitation, Hobo technique, Twin stage.

How to cite this article: Choukse V, Parmar A, Sharma N, Srivastava R. Full Mouth Rehabilitation using Hobo Twin-stage Technique. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2017;4(4):319-323.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Enjoyment of food is regarded as an important aspect of living by mankind. To lead a healthy and active life, human beings need a broad range of nutrients. Nutritional deficiency, particularly of proteins, is very common in the elderly. A well-proportionate diet is essential from the beginning stages of life for complete growth, development, and maintenance of normal body functioning, physical activity, and health.
Dentistry for the elderly must be practiced with increased awareness of the biologic factors, since the adaptive mechanism and tissue regenerative potentials in the elderly patients are usually significantly lowered. Over 60% of the elderly are malnourished, and there are many causes for this malnutrition. Also, it is not always easy to differentiate the age-related causes from the pathological. Complete denture patients depend on the health and integrity of the denture-bearing tissue for their successful function and comfort. Hence, the elderly require a different approach, modified treatment planning, and knowledge of how the tissue changes associated with senescence affect oral health services. In this review article, a brief overview is presented about the diet and nutrition of geriatric patients, its importance, and clinical significance.

Keywords: Complete denture, Diet counselling, Edentulous, Geriatrics, Healthy.

How to cite this article: Abbad N, Srivastava R, Dave A, Jangid V. Nutrition Consideration and Oral Health Care for Edentulous Patients. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2017;4(1):59-63.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Dictionary defines diagnosis as “the art of identifying a disease from its signs and symptoms.” A clinician may afford to be unware of change in the concept of a certain treatment technique, but cannot be weak clinically in the science of diagnosis. Recent advancements in the knowledge of the basic dental structures and wider intercommunication of clinical experiences make endodontic lesions and conditions nowadays better understood and diagnosed as compared with the past. However, conversely, increase in the knowledge of basic science has also highlighted the limitations of various diagnostic methods that are currently in use.

Keywords: Diagnosis, Cone beam computed tomography, Pulse oximetry, Ultrasound.

How to cite this article: Jain V, Kumar BP, Krishna TS, Parakh S, Kiran PH, Tiwari A. Recent Advances in Endodontic Diagnosis: A Review. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2017;4(4):300-303.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

With the advancement in the science of Endodontics like instruments, rotary machines, lasers and irrigation delivery system, the irrigation solution is also getting evolved, the researchers are looking for a substitute to synthetic drugs because of its side effects. Development is moving towards natural products which is safe and cost effective. This article reviews few herbal irrigants and its advantages for the root canal treatment

Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, Enterococcus faecalis, Herbal irrigation.

How to cite this article: Alharbi A, Aliuddin S, Alharbi TA, Alharbi S, Alanzi AO, Alharbi AA. Herbal Endodontic Irrigants. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2017;4(4):311-314.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Endodontics is a well-known branch of dentistry. As we are growing into microscopic level and signaling stages, there is a need to look back on how this reputed branch of medicine came into existence. Here, only milestones in endodontics are discussed for the reader to enhance their knowledge by having a look at the historical background of endodontics and analyze the slow evolution in this field.

Keywords: Endodontics, History, Review of literature.

How to cite this article: Aliuddin SK, Prakash P, Mohiuddin S, Ravula SR, Nallamilli LVS, Dutt AD. Historical Milestones in Endodontics: Review of Literature. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2017;4(1):56-58.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Aim: To investigate and compare the mechanical properties of two bulk fill resin composite materials (Tetric EvoCeram and Filtek Bulk Fill) and two incremental fill resin composites (Grandio and Filtek Z350 XT). The surface roughness and surface topographic analyses of these materials were also evaluated and compared.

Materials and methods: A total of 120 specimens (n = 20) were prepared from two bulk fill nanocomposite restorative materials and two incremental fill nanocomposite restorative materials to evaluate the mechanical properties [hardness (H), elastic modulus (E), compressive strength (S), flexural strength (Of), and surface roughness]. The hardness and elastic modulus were measured using nanoindenter equipped with a Berkovich diamond indenter. Compressive strength and flexural strength of each material were determined using a universal testing machine. The surface roughness of the materials was determined using atomic force microscopy. One-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test was used to determine the statistical differences among groups at a significance of p < 0.05.

Results: The nanoindentation test showed that the Filtek Bulk Fill exhibited significantly high hardness values (0.67 ± 0.02 GPa) compared with other groups. The elastic modulus values ranged from 12.2 to 18.2 GPa, Tetric EvoCeram presented with lowest modulus values, and Filtek Bulk Fill presented with highest values. For compressive strength test results, the values varied from 186.20 MPa for Grandio to 245.13 MPa for Filtek Z350 XT. For flexural strength test results, the values varied from 110.00 MPa for Grandio to 132.61 MPa for Filtek Z350 XT. There was significant difference (p . 0.05) in measured flexural strength values among the bulk fill and incremental fill composite resin groups.

Conclusion: Each material showed excellent values for some tests, but none of the material showed excellent values of all the measured properties. Filtek Bulk Fill could be a feasible choice among the bulk fills.

Keywords: Bulkfill Composites, Nanoindentation, Surface Roughness.

How to cite this article: Al Azmi MM, Hashem MI, Assery MK, Al Sayed MS. An in-vitro Evaluation of Mechanical Properties and Surface Roughness of Bulk Fill vs Incremental Fill Resin Composites. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2017;4(1):37-42.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

The computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems were introduced into dentistry in 1970s. This technology has evolved rapidly that, starting from a single crown to full mouth, rehabilitation is possible in a single day now. This article reviews the history, evolution, components, and various materials used for fabrication of prosthesis. It also evaluates popular CAD/CAM systems, its limitations, future evolvement, and also the dental considerations while using them.

Keywords: CAD/CAM systems, Cerec system, Digitalization tool, Evolution of CAD/CAM, Milling in CAD/CAM.

How to cite this article: Zarina R, Jaini JL, Raj RS. Evolution of the Software and Hardware in CAD/CAM Systems used in Dentistry, Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2017;4(4):284-291.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Dental extraction, once considered as punishment, has now become one of the finest works in dental surgery. Traumatizing the entire being with this deed was the idea 200 years ago, on the contrary today we try completing the procedure without the need of gingival reflection. This paradigm shift gave birth to atraumatic extraction techniques (AETs), which intend the removal of tooth or tooth root, while maintaining a harmonious relation with gingiva, bone, and other surrounding hard and soft tissue structures. Instruments, such as Benex vertical extractor, powered periotome, piezosurgery, sonosurgery, physics forceps, Ogram system, Easy X-Trac system and techniques, such as the orthodontic extrusion technique and rubber band extraction help in achieving this noble goal.
The main benefits of AET are immediate implant placement, faster healing, and reduced need for bone grafting and soft tissue augmentation, leading to faster prosthetic rehabilitation in a limited time span.
This review is an insight into each technique and instrument highlighting its advantages and drawbacks to instigate awareness and also allow for the better understanding among maxillofacial and dental professionals.

Keywords: Atraumatic extraction technique, Bone, Gingiva.

How to cite this article: Jain S, Oswal RH, Purohit B, Dadsena K, Kashyap MK, Dakshinkar P, Dayalan N, Mehta S. Advances in Methods of Atraumatic Tooth Removal: An Update. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2017;4(4):295-299.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Aim: In vitro study evaluation of the cyclic fatigue resistance of reciprocating and rotary single-file system [Wave One Gold (WOG), Reciproc, Hyflex electrical discharge machining (EDM) file systems] utilizing cyclic fatigue testing device.

Materials and methods: Three nickel-titanium rotary systems (Hyflex EDM size #25, 0.06 taper and Reciproc and WOG size #25, 0.06 taper) were used in this study. Ten files were used in each file system, which are 25 mm long and tested with cyclic fatigue and torsional resistance tests.

Results: Each file was tested in the simulated root canal until instrument fracture occurred. Hyflex EDM has high mean and standard deviation of 116.23 ± 4.41, followed by WOG (64.85 ± 3.34) and Reciproc (35.28 ± 2.32).

Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, Hyflex EDM exhibited the greater cyclic fatigue resistance when compared with other rotary and reciprocating files.

Keywords: Cyclic fatigue resistance, Nickel-titanium rotary systems, Wave One gold.

How to cite this article: Nagarjuna P, Mangat P, Dayal C, Tomer AK, Chauhan P, Rana S, Goud V. In vitro Evaluation of Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of Reciprocating and Rotary Singlefile System. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2017;4(1):19-22.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Treatment of patients with severely mutilated dentition is a challenging task for a dentist and needs specialized skills with multidisciplinary approach for treating a complex clinical situation. Multiple carious lesions, tilting and rotation of several teeth, grossly decayed teeth and loss of multiple teeth in the maxillary, and mandibular arch may lead to the severely mutilated dentition. Dentist doing oral rehabilitation of a severely mutilated dentition must be through and efficient with the principles of reconstruction as an architect who prepares detailed plans and specification for any building prior to construction. Careful treatment planning using fixed or removable prosthesis is required to manage such cases to get a favorable prognosis. A multidisciplinary approach is required to restore the severely mutilated dentition to achieve the freedom from all the dental diseases, to maintain the healthy periodontium, to stabilize the temporomandibular joints, to achieve a stable occlusion with optimum esthetics, and comfortable oral function.

Keywords: Diagnostic wax-up, Fiber post, Metal ceramic crown.

How to cite this article: Ahmad M, Khubrani YMY, Adawi AM, Siddiq AAM, Hamzi MAJ, Alhazmi AMA, Ghazwani AMA, Naim H. Esthetic and Functional Rehabilitation of moderately mutilated Dentition with Multidisciplinary Approach. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2017;4(2):153-158.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Rehabilitation of partially and completely edentulous patients with implant supported prosthesis has become a widely accepted treatment option. The conventional Branemark system involves loading of the implants after 4 to 6 months of placement. It has many disadvantages as patient has no teeth or opt for removable temporary prosthesis and hence, many patients, at times, do not choose this option at all. Dental implants, when placed in the basal bone, can be immediately loaded with teeth; as this bone is very strong, never gets resorbed throughout life and forms the stress bearing part of our skeleton. Here, we present a case report of full mouth rehabilitation in which 19 single piece basal implants were inserted and functionally loaded with both maxillary and mandibular cement retained hybrid dentures.

Keywords: Basal implant, Immediate loading, Rehabilitation.

How to cite this article: Gupta A, Madan B, Bakshi M, Garg M. Full Mouth Rehabilitation with Immediate Loading Basal Implants. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2017;4(2):159-161.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Background: Oral health is an integral part of general health among infants and children and impacts the quality of life and health outcomes. It is an integral component of preschool health and well-being. Parents are responsible for the oral health of their offspring and can play an important role in preventing oral diseases in children. As the oral health of children depends on the knowledge and awareness of their parents, these aspects are highly important. The aim of the present study was to determine the knowledge and attitude of parents regarding oral health of their children in Kerala.

Materials and methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Azeezia College of Dental Sciences and Research, Meeyanoor, Kollam District, Kerala, India. The questionnaires along with the informed consent sheet were sent to the parents by post. The participants were reminded about the return of the filled forms through short message service and e-mails. The questionnaires covered sociodemographic characteristics, oral hygiene, dietary practices, and significance of oral health knowledge and attitude.

Results: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 500 (both mothers and fathers) parents, and their answers were evaluated to analyze their attitude and knowledge toward their child’s oral health. Only about 11% of the parents knew the right age at which their child should be taken to the dentist. About 490 of the 500 (98%) parents agreed that the diet they give their child plays a role in their oral hygiene.

Conclusion: Parents’ knowledge about their kids’ oral health is important, and oral health education and promotion are the need of the hour for an oral-healthy future for the children.

Keywords: Attitude, Children, Knowledge, Oral health, Oral hygiene, Parents.

How to cite this article: Babu PTS, Purohit B, Singh PK, Verma K, Rungta S, Tirale DK, Dadsena K. Knowledge and Attitude of Parents regarding Oral Health of their Children in Kerala, India: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2017;4(2):99-101.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Dental composites are the most commonly used as well as preferred among all the conventional restorative materials as far as esthetics is concerned. One of the major drawbacks of composite resin is their polymerisation shrinkage and stresses. Hence, the requirement of adequate knowledge of the material aspects and trained operatory skills in composite insertion techniques are very much essential. The Aim of this study was to compare bulk fill composite (SDR) with an incremental nanofilled composite (3M ESPE Z350XT) for adaptability at pulpal floor and subsequent interfacial gap formation between increments.

Materials and methods: Twenty freshly extracted human maxillary premolars were selected for the study. Class 1 cavity was prepared to depth of 3 mm on each tooth. All samples were divided into 4 groups of 5 teeth each and restored with different restorative materials. Group I: SDR (Dentsply, DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany) -3 mm, group II: Packable Nanohybrid composite Z350 XT (3M, Latin America) -3 consecutive increments of 1 mm each, group III: Nanohybrid flowable composite Z350 XT (1mm) + SDR (2 mm bulk fill), group IV: Nanohybrid flowable composite Z350 XT (1 mm) + Packable Nanohybrid composite Z350 XT 2mm (1 mm + 1 mm) incremental build up. Samples of each group were etched using 3M ESPE Scotch bond multi-purpose etchant for 20 seconds following which the specimens were washed with distilled water for 15-20 seconds and further blot dried for 20 seconds after which Adper Single Bond adhesive (3M ESPE, St.Paul, MN, USA) was applied. Restorations were done according to the respective groups and then light-cured (Bluephase C8 Ivoclar Vivadent, Amherst, New York) for 20 seconds. All Samples were subjected to a thermocycling regimen of 2500 thermal cycles by alternating immersion in water at +5 ± 8°C and +55 ± 8°C with a dwell time of 2 minutes and transfer time of 5 seconds in each bath and placed in Rhodamine B dye for 24 hours. After 24 hours samples were taken out and washed with distilled water, sectioned buccolingually with diamond disk. The samples were then subjected to Stereomicroscopic evaluation at 4× magnification for dyepenetration visualization and Scanning electron microscopic analysis for interfacial gap formation.

Statistical analysis: Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis Test and Mann-Whitney Test.

Results: Among all the groups tested, SDR demonstrated better adaptability to the pulpal floor and least interfacial gap formation compared to incremental nanofilled composite Z350 XT.

Conclusion: Bulk-fill composites performed better than incremental nanofilled composites, demonstrating better adaptability at the pulpal floor with least interfacial gap formation.

Keywords: Microleakage, Polymerisation shrinkage, Polymerisation stress, Smart dentin replacement.

How to cite this article: Jaganath BM, Krishnegowda SC, Rudranaik S, Madanan S, Kurup NB, Manjula CG. Influence of Composite Insertion Techniques (Bulk-fill and Incremental Nanofilled Composites) on Adaptability to the Pulpal Floor and Interfacial Gap Formation. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2017;4(3):225-231.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Aim: The present study evaluated oral hygiene awareness and dental health problems among the medical undergraduate students of Gujrat Medical Education and Research Society (GMERS) Medical College & Hospital, Valsad, India.

Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional study which included 196 medical undergraduate students. All the students were asked to fill a structured questionnaire which included total of 16 multiple-choice questions pertaining to their oral hygiene awareness, oral health practices, and dental health problems. Data collected were subjected to statistical analysis and results were expressed as absolute numbers and percentages for males and females. Gender-wise comparison to their responses was also made using Chi-square test.

Results: On analyzing the data, it was found that 79.1% students perceived their state of oral hygiene as “Good”; 74.5% students brushed only once a day. All the students used toothpaste and toothbrush; 44.9% students used soft-bristled toothbrush and 70.4% students changed their toothbrush every 3 months; 71.9% students used no interdental cleaning aids and only 23.5% students used fluoridated toothpaste; 47.4% of participants never visited dentist; 20.9% students reported to have toothache in past 12 months.

Conclusion: From the findings of this study, it can be concluded that medical undergraduate students had lack of awareness regarding oral hygiene and less-than-optimum standard of oral health practices. These students also had tendency to visit dentist only when there is any dental problem and majority of students had never visited dentist.

Clinical significance: Medical professionals are considered as a role model by the society. Improving their knowledge about oral hygiene awareness and oral health practices can ultimately benefit the people they are going to treat in the future.

Keywords: Cross-sectional study, Dental health problems, Medical students, Oral health practices, Oral hygiene awareness.

How to cite this article: Shah AG. Evaluation of Oral Hygiene Awareness, Oral Health Practices and Dental Health Problems among the Undergraduate Medical Students of India. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2017;4(2):109-113.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Componeers are prefabricated composite veneer system. The componeer is an emerging esthetic solution for the treatment of discolored, fractured, or congenitally malformed teeth, which once required full coverage restorations. These componeers combine the superior esthetic of ceramic veneers, and the bondability to tooth structure, such as direct composite veneers. Precontoured enamel shells with excellent color stability, no laboratory procedure, and cost-effectiveness provide an added advantage. It represents an innovative approach that bridges between ceramic veneers and direct composite veneering and overcomes the limitation of either approach. This article gives a brief review of recently introduced componeers: A milestone in veneer technology.

Keywords: Componeer, Composite restorations, Esthetic dentistry. How to cite this article: Chandramouli MK. Componeers. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2017;4(3):232-234.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Periapical granuloma is a relatively common lesion or growth consisting of a proliferating mass of granulation tissue and bacteria that form in response to dead tissue in the pulp chamber of the tooth. The death of the pulp may be due to extensive decay, deep restorations, or trauma to the tooth. It is considered a reactive inflammatory process resulting from chronic irritation originating from the root canal system of the affected root. Periapical granuloma mainly consists of granulation tissue with alveolar bone loss and a large number of T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages together with a small number of B lymphocytes and polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes.

Keywords: Dental caries, Dental granuloma, Periapical granuloma.

How to cite this article: Sebastian A, Panikar P, Kota K, Sasi A. Periapical Granuloma. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(1):35-37.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Interaction between different specialties in dentistry are extremely important in establishing diagnosis and treatment planning. The interrelationship between orthodontics and periodontics often resembles symbiosis. In many cases, periodontal health is improved by orthodontic tooth movement, whereas orthodontic tooth movement is often facilitated by periodontal therapy. The orthodontic treatment is a double-action procedure, regarding the periodontal tissues. So it is of utmost importance to assess the need and outcome of interdisciplinary approach in different physiological, pathological or deliberate alterations in tooth positions to maintain harmonious periodontal and orthodontic relation.

Keywords: Cytokines, Mucogingival surgery, Osteoprotegerin, Periodontal ligament, Ridge augumentation.

How to cite this article: Kapoor A, Singhal L, Kapoor S, Kapoor A. Ortho-perio Interrelationships: An Overview. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(3):206-212.

ABSTRACT

Loss of teeth due to periodontitis or trauma leaves behind some degree of residual alveolar bone defect. The deficiency of bone is one of the most common problems encountered during placement of endosseous implants. In such situations, it is necessary to augment deficient ridge so as to provide an ideal bone for better prosthetic foundation. Among all possible options present for augmentation, the autogenous bone graft still remains the “gold standard.” The aim of this article is to present a case treated successfully using zygomaticomaxillary buttress (ZMB) as a graft to augment deficient alveolar ridge and discuss the applications with support of literature in a 26-year-old male patient with a history of loss of teeth due to trauma in the region of anterior maxilla treated by placing endosseous implants along with bone graft for prosthetic rehabilitation.

Keywords: Alveolar ridge augmentation, Intraoral bone graft, Zygomaticomaxillary buttress.

How to cite this article: Christopher SD, Satish M, Kapase S, Ramnani P, Surana S. Prosthetic Rehabilitation using Zygomaticomaxillary Buttress as a Graft for Placing Endosseous Implants. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(1):45-48.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Researchers have been keenly investigating the beneficial effects of probiotics on the human health since several decades focusing on the different types of mechanism, such as their ability to compete with pathogenic microorganisms for adhesion, to antagonize these pathogens, or to modulate the host’s immune response. This has led to a widespread use of probiotics in the management of systemic infections and disease. And lately, there has been a growing interest in the use of probiotics in the field of dentistry, particularly periodontics. This article reviews the recent data on the role of probiotics for the management of periodontal diseases.

Keywords: Periodontal disease, Periodontal health, Probiotic.

How to cite this article: Shetty D, Hegde S, Sharath KS, D’souza S. Probiotics and Periodontal Health. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(2):120-123.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

The field of dentistry is a science that has all the components of education, from preventive and therapeutic to cosmetic domains. Ethical dilemmas have situations with varied ethical considerations and complexities; hence, its concerns will be part of the science of dentistry. In modern dentistry, a set of principles contribute in establishing codes of ethics and they are based on ethical principles, religious beliefs, and the social and cultural considerations, which help in guiding the dental practitioners in their routine dental practice as well as establish expectations for dentists in fulfiling their ethical and professional duties to the patients, public, and the profession itself. The article gives an overview of the nature of ethical problems and how it is faced by the dentists.

Keywords: Autonomy, Dentistry, Ethics, Oral health.

How to cite this article: Naik SP, Nivedan KS, Pinto B, Shobha R, Dutt AS, Rahul N. Ethical Issues and Challenges in Dentistry. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(4):285-287.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Nickel (Ni) is a common component in many orthodontic materials. The dental practitioner should be mindful of this allergy during the course of orthodontic treatment, and know how to diagnose a Ni allergy if it appears and subsequent action in treatment and referral if it is suspected. This paper provides a summary of Ni allergy, its epidemiology, diagnosis, and recommendations, and alternatives to treatment. A detailed description of two cases where it was discovered in orthodontic patients is also reported.

Keywords: Allergies, Alloys, Nickel ions, Orthodontic material.

How to cite this article: Shukoor KM, Shaj F, Shabeer NN, Jayarajan J. Nickel Allergies in Orthodontic Treatment. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(2):143-146.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Minimally invasive therapeutic approaches have become the standard of care for many medical procedures. Conventional periodontal surgical therapies involve extensive tissue reflection resulting in morbidity like thermal sensitivity, food impaction, and compromised esthetics. The clinical innovation in periodontal flap design and handling has radically changed surgical approach, which has allowed a drastic reduction in wound failure when compared to conventional flap approach. Thus, it stands to reason out that a reduced access to surgical sites or minimally invasive surgical approach for periodontal therapy would result in less morbidity for the patient. This review summarizes the available minimally invasive surgical approaches for the management of periodontal disease.

Keywords: Microsurgical approach, Minimally invasive periodontal therapy, Minimally invasive surgery, Modified minimally invasive surgical technique.

How to cite this article: Jain S, Kapse S, Madan G, Bhatnagar S, Sangha K, Kochar P. Minimally Invasive Surgical Technique in Periodontal Therapy. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(2):134-138.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

The nasolabial flap is a well-known flap for the reconstruction of nasal, labial, and intraoral defects. Successful use of inferiorly based nasolabial flaps in the management of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is projected in this article. We evaluated the use of nasolabial flap in the management of five patients with histologically confirmed OSMF. They all had interincisal opening of less than 20 mm and were treated by bilateral release of fibrous bands, measurement of intraoperative interincisal distance (greater than 35 mm achieved in all patients after release of bands), covering the defects with inferiorly based nasolabial flap. All patients had postoperative physiotherapy and were followed up regularly for 1 year. All flaps healed without evidence of infection, dehiscence, or necrosis.

Keywords: Axial pattern flap, Nasolabial flap, Oral submucous fibrosis.

How to cite this article: Thakur S, Hada DS, Gupta K, Randhawa G. Nasolabial Flap in Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A Case Series. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(3):228-231.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

A healthy mouth leads to a healthy body. Good oral hygiene is the key to a good oral and systemic health. A toothbrush and toothpastes are commonly used in developed and developing countries for cleaning teeth. Miswak has its unique role in oral hygiene and maintenance of oral health. This review discusses the history and chemical composition of Salvadora persica (miswak) and its influence on oral health, including the advantages, and disadvantages of its use.

Keywords: History, Miswak, Oral health, Pharmacological effects.

How to cite this article: Hafiz U, Hafiz A, Momin A, Dawoodbhoy R. Effects of Salvadora Persica on Oral Health: A Bird’s Eye View. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(4):271-276.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

The suffix “-oid,” which means “like” or “resembling,” comes from the Latin oides and Greek eides, which have the same meanings. An electronic database search for the words ending with the suffix -oid and its “significance” was made, and we came across various such words in the literature (oral pathology), which bears resemblance to its original counterpart. As the terms ending with the suffix -oid very often tend to be used in various diseases and conditions, it is important for the oral pathologist to be familiar with such terms.
This article provides a brief insight into the -oids words so as to aid in diagnosis and serves as a ready reckoner.

Keywords: Diagnosis, -Oids, Oral pathology, Reckoner, Resembling.

How to cite this article: Murthy S, Shilpa KS, Raju SB, Patil MS , Raju KK, Neethupriya. -Oids: An Insight. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(1):67-78.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been synthesized and incorporated into several dental materials, since their small size provides great effects at low filler level. These nanoparticles have been applied in dentistry, in order to prevent microbial adhesion or to improve the various physical and mechanical properties of dental materials. This review aims to discuss the current progress in this field, highlighting aspects regarding AgNPs incorporation into polymethyl methacrylate based resins and its influence on its antimicrobial properties, thermal properties, and other mechanical properties.

Keywords: Antimicrobial, Flexural, Polymethyl methacrylate, Silver nanoparticles, Thermal, Viscoelastic.

How to cite this article: Srivastava R, Sharma V, Dave A, Upadhyay M. Silver Nanoparticles in Denture Base Material. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(4):267-270.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Smoking has long been suspected to adversely affect wound healing. It causes various ill-effects including premalignant lesions and cancers. Tobacco affects postoperative wound healing following surgical and nonsurgical tooth extractions, routine maxillofacial surgeries, implants, and periodontal therapies. Smoking tobacco is also associated with catecholamines release, resulting in vasoconstriction and decreased tissue perfusion. Smoking is believed to suppress the innate and host immune responses, affecting the function of neutrophils, the prime line of defense against infection. Thus, the association between smoking and delayed healing of oral tissues following surgeries is evident.

Keywords: Dental extractions, Dry socket, Healing, Smoking, Tobacco.

How to cite this article: Mufti N, Mufti S. Effect of Smoking on Wound Healing. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(4):288-290.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Dentistry has much to offer law enforcement in the detection and solution of crime or in civil proceedings. Forensic odontology fieldwork requires an interdisciplinary knowledge of dental science. Most often, the role of the forensic odontology is to establish a person’s identity. Teeth, with their physiologic variations, pathology, and effects of treatment, record information that remains throughout life and beyond. The teeth may also be used as weapons and, under certain circumstances, may leave information about the identity of the biter. Forensic odontology has an important role in the recognition of abuse among persons of all ages. Dental professionals have a major role to play in keeping accurate dental records and providing all necessary information so that legal authorities may recognize malpractice, negligence, fraud or abuse, and identify unknown humans.

Keywords: Dental records, Dentists, Forensic odontology.

How to cite this article: Madhuri M, Pulivarthi S, Balaji P, Poornima C, Sowbagya MB, Poornima G. Forensic Odontology: An Overview. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(2):131-133.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Nonvital immature teeth with open apex and thin dentinal walls are difficult to treat via conventional endodontic therapy. Resorbable ceramic, tricalcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide, surgicel/ amalgam, freeze-dried bone, or dentin has been conventionally used in such cases for a long time. However, due to their various shortcomings, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) became the material of choice. Another material with largely improved handling properties, Biodentine^™ (Septodont, St. Maur-des- Fossés, France) was introduced in 2011. It is a calcium silicatebased material and manufacturers claim that it can be used for crown and root dentin repair treatment, repair of perforations or resorptions, apexification, and root end fillings. This case report presents the successful management of a symptomatic, traumatized, necrotic permanent maxillary central incisor with wide open apex using Biodentine as an artificial apical barrier.

Keywords: Apexification, Apical barrier, Biodentine.

How to cite this article: Bansal S, Nagpal A, Bavabeedu SS, Garg A. Endodontic Management of Open Apex using Biodentine as an Apical Matrix. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(2):158-161.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Aim: To evaluate the effect of four types of implant collar designs on stress distribution in a computerized bone model under vertical and angular load and also to evaluate which platform design evokes a better response on a mechanical basis.
Implant collar designs are one of the most likely causes of early implant bone loss. This bone loss mostly occurs in the crestal region. The amount of stress applied and the amount of crestal bone loss vary with the type of collar design used. In this study, a new step collar design is added to evaluate stress distribution within bone.

Materials and methods: A finite element model of threaded implant with four different kinds of platform designs (divergent, straight, convergent, and step) with their corresponding suprastructure embedded within the bone was created. Different test conditions incorporating the four types of platform designs under separate 500 N, axial, and 45° oblique forces were created to investigate the stress distribution within the computerized bone model. The three-dimensional finite analysis study was selected since it is useful in determining stress distribution around the dental implant and also bone response to vertical and angulated load.

Results: Divergent collar design shows minimum and convergent collar design shows maximum stresses concentrated at cortical bone for all collar designs under vertical and oblique loading.

Conclusion: Divergent collar design resists the crestal bone loss, gives better response on a mechanical basis, and may be more suitable in both D2 and D3 types of bones.

Keywords: Implant collar design, Stress distribution, Threedimensional finite element analysis.

How to cite this article: Jadhav AB, Sanyal PK, Gosavi SS, Kore AR, Jadhav SS. Comparative Evaluation of Stress Distribution within Computerized Bone Model using Four Different Implant Collar Designs: A Three-dimensional Finite Element Analysis. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(1):1-5.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor (CCOT) is a rare odontogenic entity that exhibits a diverse array of clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic features. It accounts for less than 2% of all odontogenic tumors. Praetorius et al have classified CCOT associated with other odontogenic tumors as type II variant. So far, about 31 cases of this rare variant have been reported in the literature. In this report, a rare case of CCOT with ameloblastoma in a 38-year-old male, involving the left mandibular molar region with its associated radiological and clinical diagnosis, is presented. All clinical, radiographic, and histological features of the case were analyzed in comparison to those reported in the literature. Due to the heterogeneous presentation, there has always been confusion about the nature of CCOT as a cyst, neoplasm, or hamartoma. The occurrence of an ameloblastoma with CCOT could suggest a possibility of it being a neoplasm.

Keywords: Cyst, Odontogenic, Tumor.

How to cite this article: Jose D, Desai K, Mane DR, Kale A. Calcifying Cystic Odontogenic Tumor with Ameloblastoma: A Case Report with Review of the Literature. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(1):38-41.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Space maintainers play a vital role of preserving arch space following premature loss of primary molars as well as longstanding cases of proximal caries. In day-to-day clinical practice, there exist conditions requiring both a space maintainer for passive space maintenance and a space regainer to solve the problem of space deficiency in different segments of the same arch. Taking this into consideration, the current study describes a modified space management appliance simultaneously acting as space maintainer and regainer.

Keywords: Space maintainer, Space management, Space regainer.

How to cite this article: Chandwani M, Mittal R, Pimpale J, Kumar S. Space Management Appliance in Mixed Dentition: A New Concept. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(4):303-305.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Dentists are in a unique position to advise the tobacco users to quit the habit through various methods and with effective counseling. The present review provides an outline of the different pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for cessation of smoking. Smokers who receive assistance - behavioral, pharmacologic, or both - can experience quit rates of around 20% at least 6 months after quitting. Given the nature of tobacco dependence and the associated difficulty in quitting, pharmacotherapy should be advocated, particularly in patients for whom it is not contraindicated and for whom prior unassisted quit attempts have been unsuccessful. For smokers who are dissonant, physicians should use motivational strategies, such as discussing barriers to cessation and their solutions. For smokers who are ready to quit, the physician should show strong support and help to set a cessation date. Physician counseling for smoking cessation is among the most cost-effective clinical interventions.

Keywords: Cessation, Interventions, Non-pharmacological, Pharmacological, Smoking, Tobacco.

How to cite this article: Naresh V, Babu RR, Prasad S, Singh N. Pharmacological and Non-pharmacological Interventions for Smoking Cessation. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(2):116-119.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Enamel, one of the hardest tissues of the body, consists of 96% inorganic and 4% organic content. The inorganic content is made up of hydroxyapatite crystals, while the organic content is composed of non-collagenous proteins, the major part of which is enamel proteins. The understanding of enamel proteins has undergone a sea change in the last few years. Primarily, enamel proteins are divided into amelogenin and non-amelogenin families. Amelogenins are believed to regulate the growth, thickness, and width of hydroxyapatite crystals. The expression of amelogenins has been shown to have a role in sex determination as well. Non-amelogenins include other proteins like ameloblastin, enamelin, enamelysin, and APin. They are shown to be involved in cell matrix interactions, periodontal regeneration, and proper enamel development. Recent studies have also shown the role of enamel proteins in understanding the nature of odontogenic tumors.

Keywords: Ameloblastin, Amelogenin, Enamel, Enamelin, Enamelysin, Protein

How to cite this article: Saxena C, Saxena K, Bhakhar V, Vidya M, Ghanchi M, Jani D. An Overview of Enamel Matrix Proteins. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(1):79-84.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Aim: To assess the efficacy of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in submandibular lymphadenopathy. Type and duration of study: This prospective study was done in cancer patients at Dr OP Chaudhary Cancer Institute, Lucknow, India.

Materials and methods: A total of 120 patients were selected for the study with positive submandibular lymph node and clinically detectable lesion of the madibular region of the oral cavity. All patients underwent thorough history-taking and clinical examination. Proper investigation was done for all patients with their consent. All patients underwent FNAC of the submandibular lymph node via direct and ultrasound-guided FNAC. This was followed by biopsy of the primary lesion. Samples were sent for investigation.
The FNAC result was compared with biopsy reports to evaluate the accuracy of FNAC.

Results: The study showed that out of 120 FNAC samples, 115 were positive for malignancy with an accuracy of 95.83%. Five samples (4.17%) did not show malignant cells.

Conclusion: Fine needle aspiration cytology can be a reliable diagnostic tool in lymphadenopathy cases to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions of the oral cavity.

Keywords: Biopsy, Lymphadenopathy, Malignancy, Ultrasound.

How to cite this article: Yadav A, Srivastava MK, Yadav G, Verma Y. Accuracy of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Cervical Lymph Nodes in Cancer Patients: A Research Study in the Northern Province of India. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(1):6-8.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Objectives: The purpose of this article was to demonstrate the preliminary report of masking fluorosed teeth with porcelain laminate veneers.

Materials and methods: The clinical findings on this patient were dental fluorosis of Thylstrup-Fejerskov Index (TFI) = 5-7. The treatment plan was to place eight porcelain veneers. Study models showed that the teeth were in good proportion. The procedure involve minimal tooth preparation, shade selection, making of impression and fabrication of porcelain veneer. The laminate veneers were fabricated and dual cure resin was used as a luting cement.

Results: After 1-year follow-up, the porcelain laminate veneers were still in a good condition, with proper occlusion and function. Neither crack nor discoloration could be observed. Moreover, the gingival tissue showed good response with no inflammation. The patient was very satisfied with the results.

Conclusion: This case demonstrated the success of using porcelain laminate veneers as an alternative choice in solving esthetic problems that might previously have been treated with full coverage.

Keywords: Dental fluorosis, Esthetics, Porcelain veneer.

How to cite this article: Bhagat A, Marwaha S, Dev K, Mogla S. Masking severely Fluorosed Teeth with Ceramic Veneers. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(2):155-157.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Radiographic study of teeth is a quick, simple, and a nondestructive process that can be applied to living and deceased persons. Further, procedures, such as computer-assisted image analysis avoid the bias inherent in observer’s subjectivity and improve reliability, accuracy, and precision. This study intends to assess indirect digitization of intraoral periapical radiograph of maxillary central incisors by using standardized, specially designed software “DentalCAD” to estimate the area of dental pulp, which will be correlated with different age groups.

Keywords: Age estimation, Forensic science, Intraoral periapical radiographs, Pulp/tooth area, Stepwise linear regression.

How to cite this article: Kinikar K, Prakash S, Gupta AK, Dhingra D. Estimation of Age Based on Tooth: Pulp Area Ratio of Maxillary Central Incisor assessed in an Indian Sample-An Intraoral Periapical Radiographic Study. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(2):102-109.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter at the molecular and atomic levels. Nanotechnology, when integrated into dentistry, gives rise to nanodentistry. Nanodentistry will make possible the maintenance of comprehensive oral health by using nanotissue devices, which will allow controlled oral analgesia, dentin replacement therapy, hypersensitivity cure, orthodontic realignment, etc., in a single visit.

Keywords: Nanodentistry, Nanotechnology, Nan robots.

How to cite this article: Ravisankar MS, Arya KS, John S, Gaffoor FMA, Syamkumar V, Anand PJS. Nanotechnology in Dentistry. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(2):124-127.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

This case report describes extraction of a decayed right maxillary central incisor tooth, followed by immediate placement of a dental implant in the freshly extracted socket and temporization. The tooth was atraumatically extracted, the socket was prepared to the required depth, and dental implant was inserted and immediate loading was done. An impression was made 4 months after implant insertion and a definitive restoration was placed. The atraumatic operating technique and the immediate insertion of the implant resulted in the preservation of the hard and soft tissues at the extraction site. The dental implant and provisional restoration provided the patient with immediate esthetics, function, comfort, and most importantly preservation of tissues.

Keywords: Atraumatic extraction, Immediate loading, Immediate placement, Implant.

How to cite this article: Bhat S, Adoni VV, Amarnath GS, Shruthi CS. Immediate Implant Placement in Fresh Extraction Socket with Immediate Loading. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(1):52-54.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Aims: To assess the prevalence of myths related to dental decay and tobacco consumption in the general population of Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Materials and methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire study was carried out to understand the myths related to dental decay and tobacco consumption. The study included 14 closeended questions. The statistical analysis was carried out using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 software. analysis of variance and t-test were used to compare the prevalence of myths.

Results: The mean age of the study population was 40.48 ± 3.8 years with 77.9% males and 22.1% females. A total of 94.4% people believe that “worms on the tooth surface are responsible for tooth decay.” All the respondents (100%) believed that “only aged people get cancer of the mouth because of tobacco consumption,” while 95.3% participants had a perception that “chewing ‘paan’ after heavy meals helps in digestion.” In comparison, females showed higher prevalence of myths (5.31 ± 1.000), and the prevalence of myths was highest in the upper lower class (5.44 ± 0.771) (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Results of the current study show that there is a higher prevalence of myths in the general population of Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Overall, there is a need to increase awareness among people on various oral health aspects.

Keywords: Dental decay, Myths, Tobacco, Tobacco consumption.

How to cite this article: Singh S, Shirodkar G, Jain R, Dupare R, Bhanushali N, Desai A, Tungare S. Myths Related to Dental Decay and Tobacco Consumption: Debunked. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(1):9-14.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Aim: The aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate the erosive potential of herbal mouthwash and chlorhexidine on the surface roughness of restorative materials.

Materials and methods: A sample size of 60 restorative pellets was taken, out of which 20 pellets of giomer, 20 of compomer, and 20 of light-cured glass ionomer cement (LC GIC) were made. The baseline surface roughness values were evaluated with an optical profilometer. The restorative pellets were subjected to tooth brushing twice a day for 1 minute with a toothpaste. Same electronic brush was used for brushing all the restorative pellets. All the pellets were immersed in herbal mouthwash and chlorhexidine mouthwashes according to the manufacturer’s instruction. The process was repeated for 30 days. Postimmersion surface roughness was evaluated by profilometer after 30 days, and these values were compared with the baseline values and statistically analyzed.

Results: The mean percentage increase of surface roughness with herbal mouthwash in group A (giomer) was 129.66%, in group B (compomer) 204.79%, and in group C (LC GIC) 272.24%. The mean percentage increase of surface roughness with chlorhexidine in group A (giomer) was 98.63%, in group B (compomer) 141.38%, and in group C (LC GIC) 164.96%. Among the restorative materials the increase in surface roughness was least in giomer followed by compomer and LC GIC.

Conclusion: The maximum erosive potential was seen with herbal mouthwash followed by chlorhexidine. All the restorative materials giomer, compomer, and LC GIC used in this study showed an increase in the surface roughness after treating with mouthwashes wherein LC GIC showed the maximum increase in surface roughness followed by compomer and giomer.

Keywords: Compomer, Giomer, Mouthwashes, Surface roughness.

How to cite this article: Gorka K, Kamal V, Kumar A, Mandal S, Kumar A, Kumar M. Comparative Evaluation of Erosive Potential of a Chemical and Herbal Mouthwash on the Surface Roughness of Resin-modified Glass Ionomer Restorative Materials: An in vitro Study. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(1):30-34.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

The endodontic treatment gets complicated when the tooth is associated with a large periapical lesion with open apex, as obtaining an optimal apical seal is difficult in this case. The root canal infection is diverse with the presence of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, and it is unlikely that any single antibiotic could result in complete asepsis of the canal. A combination of antibiotics (metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, and minocycline) effectively acts against root canal infection. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has the advantage of achieving singlevisit apexification wherein the root canal can be obturated immediately. This study describes the successful nonsurgical endodontic management of nonvital tooth with open apex and large periapical lesion using triple antibiotic paste and MTA apexification followed up for 2 years.

Keywords: Apexification, Endodontics, Mineral trioxide aggregate, Nonvital tooth.

How to cite this article: Rudranaik S, Babshet M, Nayak M. Nonsurgical Endodontic Treatment of a Tooth with Open Apex and Large Periapical Lesion using Triple Antibiotic Paste and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Apical Plug: A Case Report with 2-year Follow-up. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(2):151-154.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Objectives: Sex-related optimal esthetics is assumed to be achieved only if the face, arch, and tooth forms are in harmony. The need of this study was to evaluate and question the hypothesis that there is correlation among face, tooth, and arch forms.

Materials and methods: For the study 120 subjects were selected. Thirty subjects were divided into four facial forms. Arch and tooth forms were analyzed for each subject and correlation between tooth form, face form, and arch form was evaluated. Face form was analyzed using Trubyte tooth indicator; arch form was analyzed using a mathematical formula; and tooth form was analyzed using measurements on maxillary central incisor.

Results: The results demonstrated that ovoid tooth, face, and arch forms were most prevalent and no significant correlation was established between face, tooth, and arch form.

Conclusion: Although no significant correlation was observed between the face, arch, and tooth forms, but a high level of association was seen between tooth form and arch form. Also ovoid face form and ovoid tooth form were among the highest association forms, albeit statistically insignificant. Hence the importance of pre-extraction records cannot be neglected as they serve as best aid for the selection of artificial teeth and if they are not available these correlations can be used as a side tool for the selection of teeth clubbed with experience and expertise of the clinician and subjective sense of esthetics of both patient and dentist.

Keywords: Arch form, Facial form, Ovoid, Square, Square tapering, Tapering, Tooth form.

How to cite this article: Arora H, Hegde C, Sharma D, Bhat BS, Memon S, Mittal N. An in vivo Study to Evaluate the Correlation between Facial Form, Tooth Form, and Arch Form in Dentulous Subjects. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(2):85-91.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

There are many temporomandibular joint (TMJ) conditions that can cause orthodontic treatment instability and relapse. These conditions are often associated with dentofacial deformities, malocclusion, TMJ pain, headaches, myofascial pain, TMJ and jaw functional impairment, ear symptoms, etc. Many of these TMJ conditions can cause progressive and continuous changes in the occlusion and jaw relationships. Patients with these conditions may benefit from corrective orthodontic and surgical intervention. The difficulty for many clinicians may lie in identifying the presence of a TMJ condition, diagnosing the specific TMJ pathology, and selecting the proper treatment for that condition. This paper will discuss the most common TMJ pathologies that can adversely affect orthodontic stability and outcomes as well as present the treatment considerations to correct the specific TMJ conditions and associated jaw deformities to provide stable and predictable treatment results.

Keywords: Orthodontic treatment, Orthognathic surgery, Relapse, Temporomandibular joint.

How to cite this article: Shabeer NN, Shaj F, Shukoor KM, Kumar BS, Jayaranjan J. Orthodontic Treatment and Its Relation to Temporomandibular Joint Pathologies. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(2):139-142.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can give rise to an indefinite number of more cells of the same type, and some specific kinds of cells by differentiation. These cells can be differentiated into odontogenic, osteogenic, adipogenic, myogenic, neurogenic, and melanocytic cells and even to corneal cells and islet cells of pancreas. Stem cell therapy is emerging as a promising treatment modality to treat certain diseases and injury with a wide range of medical benefits. The combined advantages of multipotency/pleuropotency and the ease with which stem cells can be extracted from teeth have made dental pulp stem cell/stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth attractive options in regenerative dentistry and medicine. The aim of this review, therefore, is to give an overview of the papers that have described the use of dental stem cells in cell therapy or bioengineering. The search was done using “dental pulp stem cell“ and ”human exfoliated teeth stem cell” as the keywords.

Keywords: Dental pulp stem cell, Regenerative medicine, Stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth.

How to cite this article: Tayal E. Dental Stem Cells: Part of Regenerative Medicine. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(4): 277-281.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Introduction: In pediatric dentistry, dental fear and anxiety are the main factors compromising treatment success, and overcoming this problem remains a significant challenge. Different kinds of dentist’s attire may evoke different reactions. The white coat phenomena can be a variable for its development. By understanding children’s perception and preferences about dentist’s attire, a suitable dress code could be adopted to establish good rapport with children.

Aim: To evaluate children’s perceptions and preferences toward dentist attire.

Materials and methods: A questionnaire designed with a series of photographs of male and female dentists in different attires was responded to by 150 children.

Results: Of the total children (n = 150), the most popular mode of attire was the traditional white coat attire 53% (n = 79) as seen in Graph 1. The least favored among the children was the professional attire (7%, n = 10). Overall, 14% (n = 21) of the total child participants preferred the child-friendly attire. No significant difference was found between boys and girls preferences over different forms of dentist attire (χ2 = 2.56, p = 0.39). About 49% male participants favored the male dentists and 64% female participants favored female dentists. No statistical significant association was noted among the children and the use of protective wear (χ2 = 0.98, p = 0.24), thus favoring it. Statistically, no significant difference was found between children’s reaction to white coat (χ2 = 0.56, p = 0.53), indicating a positive association between children’s reaction on exposure to white coat.

Conclusion: We found the white coat attire is most preferred by children and parents. Thereby, this rules out the stereotyped concept of “white coat fear”/“white coat syndrome” among children. However, child-friendly attires could be useful in anxious children for better practice management.

Keywords: Attire, Behavior, Factors.

How to cite this article: Santhosh Babu PT. Preferences of Dentists’ Attire among Children. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(4):258-260.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Context: Etching of dentin results in demineralization and activation of the dormant matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). If the dentin bonding agent subsequently applied fails to penetrate the full depth of this demineralized zone, their collagenolytic effect results in deterioration of the resin—dentin bond over time. Anti-MMP agents like chlorhexidine (CHX) have a potential role in preventing this degradation.

Aim: To evaluate the effect of 2% CHX as a rewetting agent on the bond strength of direct composite restoration to dentin. Settings and design: in vitro study.

Materials and methods: Superficial dentin of the samples was exposed, etched, and divided into two groups. Group I specimens were rewet with water while CHX was used in group II. Composite cylinders of uniform dimension were built up and the specimens were subjected to shear bond strength testing immediately (at 24 hours) and after 6 months.

Statistical analysis: Independent t-test to determine whether differences if present were significant.

Results: Although the immediate shear bond strength values were higher for the CHX group, the difference was not statistically significant. After 6 months, the higher shear bond strength values were obtained for the CHX group and the difference was statistically significant.

Conclusion: Rewetting with 2% CHX has a beneficial effect on the resin—dentin bond over a 6-month storage period.

Keywords: Adhesion, Chlorhexidine, Composite resin, Matrix metalloproteinase, Shear bond strength.

Key messages: Reduction in bond strength subsequent to the time bound deterioration of the resin—dentin interface has been well documented. This study validates the role of CHX as a rewetting agent in addressing this problem. Modifications to the composite bonding protocol by integrating this philosophy have a promising role in future developments in adhesive dentistry.

How to cite this article: Prabhu SK, Joseph VGS, John MK, Babu A, Chand CUV, Ajas A. Effect of 2% Chlorhexidine on the Bond Strength of Direct Composite Restoration to Dentin: An in vitro Study. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(3):187-191.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Childhood and early adolescence are crucial periods in the development of healthy dentition. Early childhood caries (ECC) is an infectious and transmissible disease influenced by multiple factors and requiring a combination of approaches for improvement. Early childhood caries in children is typically first observed clinically as a “white spot lesion.” If the tooth surface remains intact and non-cavitated, then remineralization of the enamel is possible. Early childhood caries is a major public health problem, being the most common chronic infectious childhood disease, which is difficult to control. While not life threatening, its impact on individuals and communities is considerable, resulting in pain, impairment of function, and deleterious influence on the child’s growth rate, body weight, and ability to thrive, thus reducing the quality of life. With regard to this background, the aim of this review was to explore deep into early childhood caries and its multifactorial nature in detail. Because ECC is an infectious disease, this paper reviews current information regarding the causes, treatment, and prevention of ECC from a microbiologic perspective.

Keywords: Caries, Childhood, Decay.

How to cite this article: Reddy CU, Sharma AR, Sharma S, Sharma R, Purohit P, Reddy KS. Insights into Early Childhood Caries. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(1):58-61.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Loss of pulp vitality in an immature permanent tooth will lead to arrested root development, due to which there will be tooth with open apex and weak lateral dentinal walls. Management of such necrotic teeth with immature roots poses several treatment challenges. The documented case report illustrates the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in nonvital, immature anterior teeth for revascularization. Subsequent to chemomechanical preparation, revascularization with PRP was randomly induced in tooth. The cases were followed-up clinically and radiographically at 3, 6, and 12 months. There was a marked difference in periapical healing, apical closure, and dentinal wall thickening of teeth treated by revascularization with PRP.

Keywords: Immature tooth, Platelet-rich plasma, Revascularization.

How to cite this article: Kumar K, Mathew J, John N, Kumar VRB. Revascularization of Immature Permanent Anterior Tooth using Platelet-rich Plasma. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2016;3(4):295-298.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Dental anxiety is a common problem in children, be it for a simple procedure like impression making or the appearance of an unsightly instrument. Dental Impression procedure in children can be a difficult task due to poor compliance, reduced mouth opening, increased gagging and even compounded if the trays are ill fitting. This article explains the procedure about custom fabrication of acrylic impression trays for children, where use of prefabricated tray becomes difficult.

Key Words Custom fabricated; acrylic impression trays; pediatric dentistry

ABSTRACT

Parotid gland is one of the major and largest salivary gland. It is located in maxillofacial region, in front of ear near temporomandibular joint behind the ramus of mandible. Parotid gland and duct injury are usually rare complication after parotid gland surgery or temporomandibular joint surgery. Other etiological factors leading to parotid injury are rupture of parotid abscess or inadvertent incision of parotid abscess, complication after superficial Parotidectomy, gunshot injuries and road traffic accidents. Injury to either parotid gland or duct will lead to sialocele or fistula which if undiagnosed and not treated in time leads discomfort to the patient as there is continuous flow of saliva. A good treatment plan includes early diagnosis and early intervention by either conservative management or aggressive surgical procedures.

Key Words Parotid Gland; sialocele; conservative approach

ABSTRACT

AIM: To evaluate and compare the color stability of 4 types of heat cure denture base resins in various staining solutions. Also to determine the efficacy of 2 denture cleansers in removing these stains.

MATERIAL & METHODS: 400 disc samples of four commercially used heat cure denture base resins (Trevalon^®, DPI^®, Veracril^® and Pyrax^®) were fabricated (100 each). These were examined for any change in optical density by immersing them in 4 staining solutions (tea, coffee, turmeric and paan) and 2 denture cleansers (Secure^® and Fittydent^®) for a period of 1 month and synthetic saliva. Synthetic saliva was taken as control. The denture cleansers were also evaluated for their efficacy determined by their ability to remove the stains caused by the staining solutions.

RESULT: It was seen that Trevalon^® showed least change in optical density. Trevalon^® shows significant mean difference with DPI^® (p=0.001) and Pyrax^® (p=0.019). Also DPI^® and VeracrIl^® show significant mean difference (p=0.035) .Coffee illustrated the maximum potential for staining the denture base resins and most difficult to be removed using a denture cleanser. It was seen that the mean difference of the two denture cleansers is significant (p= 0.013).

CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that Trevalon^®, out of the tested heat cure denture base resins, demonstrated maximum color stability. Amongst the staining solutions coffee caused maximum stains. Secure^® was found to be more efficient denture cleanser to Fittydent^®.

Key Words Color stability; heat cure denture base resins; staining solutions; denture cleanser

ABSTRACT

The dentist and his team members are exposed to a number of hazards peculiar to the profession. Bernadino Ramazzini mentioned three principal causes of occupational hazards i.e., posture, repetitive motion and stress. The commonest occupational illness documented is musculoskeletal pain, backache being more common. Professional Burn out a consequence of occupational stress can cause incapacity for work. Exposure to the infectious agents like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and stress related Dysthymia are serious one. Dental Hygienists may suffer from back pain and Carpel tunnel syndrome due to repetitive wrist and hand moments. Injuries of the oral cavity which occur as a direct result of the occupation are common like Heavy metal lines, Plumbism, occupational dental erosion etc. Application of ergonomics and administrative measures contribute in reducing the occupational hazards in profession. Stress related problems like professional Burn out can be reduced by taking help from the collegues, organizing regular breaks, having strong family ties. Infectious diseases can be prevented by proper barrier and vaccination. Mercury poisoning can be prevented by use of triturators and proper mercury disposal. Accurate and systemic record maintaining, Obtaining consent are some of the keys to avoid medicolegal problems. Radiation Hazards can be avoided by using ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle, adequate shielding and personal monitoring.Risk in the dental laboratory can be avoided by proper decontamination methods. Prevention of hazards is important than treatment. Local organizations should organize workshop and seminars on occupational hazards periodically. Government needs to coordinate occupational health services, train and strengthen professional expertise in occupational health.

Key Words Occupational hazards; ergonomics; occupational health; professional burn out; carpel tunnel syndro

ABSTRACT

Traumatic dental injuries like tooth luxation, avulsion, fracture or laceration of soft tissue often occurs in the children and young adults due to various etiological factors. Viable periodontal ligament (PL) cells are required for PL healing of avulsed teeth following replantation. If immediate replantation cannot be accomplished, the ability of PL progenitor cells to reproduce (clonogenic capacity) and recolonize the wound may be extended by prevention of desiccation and storage in physiological media. Recent research has led to the development of storage media that produce conditions that closely resemble the original socket environment, with adequate osmolality, pH, nutritional metabolites and glucose. This paper reviews the literature on the different storage media that have been investigated for avulsed teeth based on full-length papers retrieved from PubMed/ Medline, Lilacs, BBO and SciELO electronic databases using the key words ‘storage medium’, ‘transportation medium’, ‘avulsion’, ‘tooth avulsion’, ‘replantation’, ‘tooth replantation’.

Key Words Tooth avulsion; storage media; replantation

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an acid fast bacillus that is transmitted primarily through the respiratory route through inhalation of infected airborne droplets containing the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis, can affect even the mouth.

Aim: This study was conducted to assess the oral health status and treatment needs of tuberculosis in patients at Government Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka.

Material and methods: A cross sectional study was carried out among 220 inpatients attending the Tuberculosis Ward, District Government Hospital, Raichur. Oral Health Status was assessed by using WHO assessment form 1997. Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (1964) was used to assess the Oral Hygiene Status.

Results: The mean age of the patients was 41.2 ± 14.0 years and the mean DT, MT, FT and DMFT was 2.94±2.25, 3.06±6.75, 0.0 and 6.00 ± 6.46 respectively. The prevalence of dental caries was 95.0%. Calculus was seen in 73.2% of the patients. The oral hygiene status was poor in 36.4% of patients.

Conclusion: This special population has high prevalence of dental caries and poor oral hygiene which needs periodic oral health education and intervention.

Key Words Tuberculosis patients; CPI; dental caries; oral hygiene; treatment needs

ABSTRACT

Endo-perio lesions primarily occur by way of the intimate anatomic and vascular connections between the pulp and the periodontium. Diagnosis is often challenging because these diseases have been primarily studied as separate entities and may mimic clinical characteristics of each other. When a primarily endodontic lesion changes into a secondary periodontal lesion the resultant clinical features become even more bizarre. This may delay the diagnosis and hence the correct treatment.

Key Words Endo-Perio lesions

ABSTRACT

Non-vital infected teeth with mature or immature root apex have long been treated with root canal therapy. Current treatment modalities save millions of teeth are each year but fail to establish healthy pulp tissue in the teeth. But, what if we can once again make non-vital tooth vital? Root canal treatment offer high levels of success for many conditions, an ideal therapy will be regenerative approach, which deals with removal of diseased pulp tissues and replacing it with healthy pulp tissue to revitalize teeth. Regenerative endodontics is accomplished by performing regenerative endodontic procedures that maintain or restore the vitality of the tooth but also disinfect and remove the diseased tissue. Regeneration can be achieved through revascularization of root canal, stem cell therapy, pulp implant, scaffold implant and gene therapy. This article provides a review of regenerative endodontics, an emerging field focused on replacing diseased pulp with functional pulp tissue.

Key Words Pulp regeneration; stem cells; scaffold; growth factors

ABSTRACT

The MPD syndrome is a psychophysiologically altered condition involving the muscles of mastication and cervical group of muscles. The condition characterized by dull aching, radiating pain often results in muscle spasm and restricted movements. Frequently, myofascial pain is overlooked as a common cause of chronic pain because of frequent association with joint dysfunction and other pain disorders. Thus, the therapy should be directed towards reducing stress, rehabilitating the occlusion and relaxing the muscles to alleviate the condition.

Key Words Myofascial; pain; temporomandibular joint

ABSTRACT

Periodontal diseases range from benign gingivitis to chronic & aggressive forms of disease. Gingival - Periodontal diseases include a set of pathologies that affect the protective and insertion tissues of teeth. Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition of supporting tissues of teeth. The onset of periodontal disease is caused by the presence of biofilm and metabolic products of microorganism involved. Periodontitis currently is recognized in two principal forms: chronic (CP) and aggressive periodontitis (AgP). Aggressive periodontitis is much severe form of periodontitis (formely termed as early onset periodontitis, localized juvenile periodontitis). Aggressive periodontitis usually appears early in life, this shows etiological agents are capable of producing disease with in fairly short time. AP can appear at any age, its correct diagnosis requires exclusion of systemic disease that can severely deteriorate host defenses and lead to premature loss of teeth.
This article describes a case report of aggressive periodontitis treated in a conservative manner by combining periodontal therapy and antimicrobial treatment in a 35 year old female patient to maintain dental integrity and to restore aesthetic and functional condition.

Key Words Periodontitis; aggressive periodontitis; periodontal therapy; antimicrobial therapy

ABSTRACT

Background and Objectives: Several studies have shown that placement of periodontal pack results in more plaque accumulation and could result in a pronounced inflammation post-surgically and delay the healing of the flap tissues. The bulky periodontal dressing could result in considerable patient discomfort. ResoPac^™ is the commercially available cellulose based dressing material. It is hydrophilic in nature and has been claimed to have adhesive properties to the oral tissues.
Thus the aim of the study was to compare the early wound healing in periodontitis patients undergoing flap surgery after ResoPacTM placement with the conventional Coe- Pak; and also to assess patient comfort as evaluated by a VAS questionnaire in the two groups.

Materials and Methods: Cases indicated for periodontal flap surgery were randomly allotted to either groups and a split mouth study design was followed.

Results: A higher trend for mean pain scores and swelling of face was reported in Coe-pak group compared to ResoPac^™. Clinical evaluation after one week revealed more pronounced swelling and color changes of the gingiva in patients with Coe- Pak dressing. Also, the mean percentage increase of GCF flow from baseline to 2 weeks was found to be higher with the same.

Conclusion: Based on the results of our study, we can conclude that periodontal dressing with Coe- Pak results in more inflammation immediate post-surgically which can in turn delay the wound healing response as compared to patients with a Reso- Pac.

Key Words Coe- Pak; ResoPac^™; gcf; periodontal flap surgery; wound healing; periotron

ABSTRACT

A tooth with an open apex can pose an enigma to the most skilled of practioners. The lack of an apical stop complicates the obturation and achievement of good apical seal. Also these teeth tend to be more fragile due to thin walls. Calcium hydroxide has been routinely used in the past for apexification. But the disadvantages of long treatment time, fracture of teeth and incomplete calcification of apical bridge have led to the development of newer biocompatible materials which can complete apexification in a single visit. One visit Apexification has been defined as the non surgical condensation of a biocompatible material into the apical end of root canal. Although different materials are available, because of its superior clinical properties and demonstrated clinical success, MTA remains the material of choice for forming an immediate apical barrier. This case report highlights the use of MTA for formation of apical barrier in a non vital maxillary central incisor with open apex and obturation with custom made gutta percha.

Key Words Herbs; periodontitis; ayurveda; gingivitis, plaque

ABSTRACT

Presence of healthy periodontal ligament helps to maintain alveolar ridge morphology and alveolar bone exists as a support for teeth. Hence approach of treatment or treatment planning in prosthodontics is always directed towards retaining as many teeth as possible. It is the overdenture, a complete or partial denture prosthesis constructed over existing teeth or root structure. This case is an approach to save the present teeth as well as to overcome some of the disadvantages that occur in conventional overdentures. It is also a simple technique in which there is no requirement for expensive and extensive attachments.

Key Words Overdenture; thimble coping; outer crown; inner crown

ABSTRACT

Tissues of dental pulp and periodontium are inter-linked from the embryonic stage. As the tooth matures and the root is formed, three main avenues are created between pulp and periodontal ligament, i.e. dentinal tubules, lateral and accessory canals, and apical foramen. These are the pathways that may provide a means by which pathological agents pass between the pulp and periodontium, thereby creating the endo-perio lesion. Lateral canals play an important role in the spread of microbial products from pulp to periodontium. Therefore, it is natural to expect that any part of periodontium can get affected by pulpal inflammation and vice- versa. Treatment and prognosis of endodontic - periodontal diseases vary depending on the cause and correct diagnosis of each specific condition. This article presents successful healing of primary endodontic lesion with secondary periodontal involvement after non-surgical endodontic management with long term follow-up.

Key Words Endo - perio lesions; accessory canals; pulpal pathology

ABSTRACT

With an increase in the life expectancy, people are living longer and keeping their teeth longer. As a result, patients are more likely to have complex restorative and endodontic procedures leaving teeth more susceptible to cracks. Stressful lifestyle resulting in parafunctional habits such as clenching and bruxism and consumption of paan, betel nut etc. are important contributory factors. Additionally, in recent years, practitioners have been more aware of the existence of cracks and, therefore, more cracks are being diagnosed. Thus the diagnosis and management of cracked teeth is an integral part of dental practise today. This review article aims to highlight the different types of cracks, their diagnosis, associated signs and symptoms and treatment.

Key Words Cracked tooth syndrome; bruxism; bite test; staining; craze line

ABSTRACT

Objective & Aim: This study evaluated the fluoride releasing capacity of three different restorative materials: Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC), Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement (RMGIC) and poly-acid modified composite (PMCRS) in de-ionized water and artificial saliva.

Methods: Sixty blister packs were prepared of three different restorative materials. Each group consist 10 disc of each material were stored in 6 ml deionized water and 6 ml artificial salvia for 7 days at 37 °C. Each group consist of one control test tube which contain the solution. The amount of fluoride released was measured at predetermined time intervals of 24 hours during the first day and thereafter on 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th and 7^th day of the study.

Statistical Analysis: Comparison of fluoride ion release between different restorative materials was done using Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post - hoc Games-Howell test.

Results: There is greater amount of fluoride by all tested material in de-ionized water compared with artificial saliva. The fluoride release is highest in Fuji VII, Fuji II LC and Dyract.

Key Words Glass ionomer cement; compomer; fluoride ion release; caries control

ABSTRACT

Background: Camellia sinensis (green tea & black tea) has been shown to possess antimicrobial properties and also, its consumption is associated to lower incidences of various pathological conditions, including cardiovascular disease, strokes, obesity, diabetes, inflammatory conditions and aging process. However there is paucity of literature regarding its inhibitory effect on Streptococcus mutans.

Materials and methods: An in-vitro experimental study was conducted using ethanolic extract of Green and Black tea. The extract of each was then diluted with an inert solvent, Dimethyl Formamide, to obtain 4 different concentrations (100mg/ml, 200mg/ml, 300mg/ml, and 400mg/ml) of each at 10,20,30,50 & 75 microlitres. 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash was used as a positive control and dimethyl formamide was used as negative control. The different extracts, along with controls, were then subjected to microbiological investigation.

Results: Green and Black tea extracts presented the largest zone of inhibition 14.4 and 20.4mm respectively at the concentration of 400mg/ml.

Conclusion: The comparison between Green tea and Black tea extracts with Chlorhexidine showed significant results while the mean zone of inhibition of Black tea extract was found to be highly significant than that for Green tea suggesting higher anti microbial activity of Black tea (p = 0.008) than Green tea (p = 0.017).

Key Words Green tea; black tea; in vitro, zone of inhibition

ABSTRACT

The intricacies present in this variation of canal morphology can pose a challenge to the clinician during negotiation, debridement and obturation. Manual and electronic searches of literature were performed till 2014. Knowledge of the C-shaped canal configuration is essential to achieve success in endodontic therapy. Radiographic and clinical diagnoses can aid in identification and negotiation of the fan-shaped areas and intricacies of the C-shaped anatomy. Effective management of this anomalous canal configuration can be achieved with rotary and hand instrumentation assisted with sonics and ultrasonics. Modifications in the obturation techniques will ensure a 3-dimensional fill of the canal system and chamber retained restorations like amalgam or composites, serve as satisfactory post endodontic restorations. The main reason for failure in endodontic treatment of mandibular first molar is the inability to detect the presence of C-shaped canals prior to an endodontic therapy. This case report presents successful management of two rare cases of C-shaped canal configurations.

Key Words C-shaped canals; configuration category; root canal obturation

ABSTRACT

Immature teeth with necrotic pulp and periapical lesion are difficult to treat via conventional endodontic therapy. Traditionally, calcium hydroxide has been the material of choice for the apexification of immature permanent teeth but apexification with calcium hydroxide is associated with certain difficulties, such as very long treatment time required, possibility of tooth fracture, and incomplete calcification of the bridge. Single visit apexification using an apical plug of novel biocompatible material like mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has been indicated as an alternative to long-term intracanal use of calcium hydroxide in immature permanent teeth. This paper presents two cases with traumatized upper anterior teeth and a positive clinical resolution in these is encouraging for the use of white MTA as a apical plug, in immature teeth with open apex.

Key Words Apexification; apical barrier; mineral trioxide aggregate

ABSTRACT

The topical use of platelet concentrates is recent and its efficiency remains controversial. Several techniques for platelet concentrates are available; however, their applications have been confusing because each method leads to a different product with different biology and potential uses. Pure platelet-rich plasma PRP, Anitua’s and Choukroun’s PRF. Those are the common types of platelets concentrates. Latest evolution of platelets concentrates PRP and PRF is the mineralized plasmatic matrix which is prepared with different ways and has other names like sticky bone.

Key Words Extraction; PRF; MPM; socket preservation

ABSTRACT

Aims & Objectives: To evaluate changes in salivary pH after consumption of 9 different snacks and beverages and to determine the time taken for their clearance from the oral cavity.

Material and Methods: 125 caries free subjects were selected and were given 9 different snacks and beverages (one item per day) for 9 consecutive days. For each study subject the unstimulated salivary samples were collected at following intervals - before the test food consumption (baseline), immediately after consumption, at 4 mins, 8 mins and 12 mins after consumption of test food. Salivary pH was estimated with the help of digital pH meter. Descriptive statistics were used to describe mean salivary pH and oral clearance time. One way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’s test was used to compare mean salivary pH at different intervals of time for each test food.

Results: It was found that all the food groups except one, caused statistically significant reduction in salivary pH in the following order: carbonated beverage > citrus fruit > apple > chocolate > biscuit > tea > milk > chewing gum containing sugar. Chewing gum containing sugar substitute led to significant increase in salivary pH immediately after consumption. Oral clearance time for the test foods varied widely with only tea and milk getting cleared from oral cavity within 9-12 mins and results were found to be statistically significant. The oral clearance for liquids was found to be faster than the solid foods.

Conclusion: All the test food items whether consumed in solid or liquid form caused a drop in salivary pH except chewing gum containing sugar substitute. The oral clearance was found to be rapid in beverages compared to snack items.

Key Words Saliva, pH; oral clearance time; snacks; beverages

ABSTRACT

Flabby ridges create a prosthodontic challenge in attempts to attain stable and retentive dental prostheses. A displaceable flabby ridge becomes distorted during the taking of a conventional impression. The purpose of this paper is to report a case series involving a two-stage impression technique with window preparation in stock trays and subsequent custom trays to record flabby ridges and displaceable areas. The impression technique modification reported here enabled us to make minimal-pressure impressions of flabby ridges at both the preliminary and the final impression stages. The resulting complete-denture prosthesis exhibited comfortable wear and function, with optimal passive and functional fit.

Key Words Denture foundation; fibrous replacement; minimal-pressure Impression; redundant ridge; window technique

ABSTRACT

Introduction: As dental surgeon has to be actively involved in various objectives of forensic odontolgy, his role in personal identification and criminal investigation is very much important as his evidence would be very much useful in law and justice.

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of the various patterns of lip prints in adult subjects of both genders and detect if any specific pattern is present in majority of the subjects.

Materials and Methods: This study consists of 100 randomly selected subjects comprising 50 males and 50 females with age ranging from 18 to 24 years .Study sample was derived from different dental hospital.

Results & Conclusion: Most common lip print patterns were found to be Type I and Type II. Most common lip print pattern amongst males was found to be Type I. Most common lip print pattern amongst females was found to be Type II.

Key Words Lip prints; forensic; human identification

ABSTRACT

Conventional complete denture lacks retention and stability in cases with flabby tissue. The ideal properties of a denture are adequate rigidity of polished surface to bear masticatory forces and at the same time, flexibility and softness for better stress distribution. A liquid supported denture can be a solution for this problem. This article describes the design of a denture in which the characteristics of plasticity and elastic recovery can be combined using a liquid supported denture; in a patient with completely edentulous maxillary arch with flabby tissue in anterior region. It allows uniform stress distribution due to its flexible tissue surface and improves the patient’s acceptance.

Key Words Complete denture; glycerine; denture retention

ABSTRACT

Objective: The aim of the study is to determine the root canal morphology of the maxillary second premolar teeth in Rajasthan population using clearing tooth technique.

Materials and Methods: Eighty maxillary second premolars were decalcified, cleared and observed for root canal morphology. The root canal morphology was classified based on Vertucci’s classification.

Results: Type II (35 %) canal pattern is most prevalent followed by type IV (28.7%) and type I (27.5%). But no tooth was observed with type VIII canal pattern.

Conclusion: The root canal morphology of Maxillary second premolars is highly variable and requires careful evaluation prior to endodontic therapy.

ABSTRACT

Radiation therapy is a very important treatment modality in the management of the neck region. Nevertheless it is associated with undesired reactions. Irradiated patients are at increased risk of developing rapid caries since it damages the salivary glands and causes xerostomia. Trismus is also a common side effect after radiotherapy. Hence patients with radiotherapy induced xerostomia face challenges in prosthodontics management. This clinical report discusses the treatment planning and restoration of a 28 year old male patient who had undergone radiation therapy for carcinoma of the pharynx. He presented with a chief complaint of difficulty in chewing and limited mouth opening. Full mouth rehabilitation was done with PFM and metal crowns after endodontic treatment.

Key Words Radiation caries; xerostomia; full mouth rehabilitation

ABSTRACT

Periodontitis is a chronic bacterial infection of the supporting structures of the teeth. The host response to infection is an important factor in determining the extent and severity of periodontal disease. Periodontitis is now seen as resulting from a complex interplay of bacterial infection and host response, often modified by behavioral factors. Systemic factors modify periodontitis principally through their effects on the normal immune and inflammatory mechanisms. These systemic disorders have been documented as capable of affecting the periodontium and/or treatment of periodontal disease. In order to rationally treat and prevent periodontal disease, we need to know the etiologic agents for specific patients, and the mechanism of bacterial pathogenesis in periodontitis. In systemic diseases in which the periodontal tissues are affected as well, early detection and carefully managed therapeutics with the physician and periodontist working together may prove beneficial to the patient's general health and quality of life. In this article, we attempt to outline the effect of systemic hormones and body changes on the periodontium.

Key Words Hormone; disease; periodontium

ABSTRACT

Influence of appearance in personal and professional lives have led to a considerable interest among the adult population seeking orthodontic treatment in the last few years. Since then there has been an increased demand for esthetic alternatives to conventional fixed stainless-steel appliances. Align Technology (Santa Clara, California) has addressed this demand by developing an “invisible” method of orthodontic treatment (Invisalign) that uses a series of computer-generated, clear, removable appliances (aligners). Although the computerized Invisalign system is new, the idea of removable, flexible appliances made on an idealized setup has been used for many years. Before bonded appliances were in common practice. The practice of orthodontics is faced with new trends. Adults are increasingly aware of the influence of appearance in their personal and professional lives. Align Technology’s Invisalign system was introduced as a new orthodontic tool. This product offers adult patients full orthodontic treatment with an esthetic appliance. With Invisalign, the orthodontic treatment works through a series of invisible, removable & comfortable aligners which are convenient to the patient. Invisalign have been proven effective in professional research & in orthodontic practices worldwide. Many certified orthodontists are now providing this non-traditional treatment choice as an alternative to traditional metal braces.

Key Words Invisalign; CAD-CAM; stereolithography

ABSTRACT

Although developmental defects afford ample time for behavioral adjustments to be made, sudden traumatic and surgical defects may diminish the patient’s quality of life. In a society that values appearance, those who exhibit malformed parts of the face, neck and oral cavity may become less socially acceptable. Rehabilitation of the maxillofacial patient into society requires a broad knowledge of prosthodontics, plus the capacity for compassionate patient management.

Key Words Regeneration; PRP; periodontal surgeries

ABSTRACT

The premature loss of primary teeth may cause changes in the chronology and sequence of eruption of permanent teeth. Maintenance of primary teeth until physiological exfoliation contributes to mastication, phonation, aesthetics and prevents deleterious habits in children. Therefore, primary teeth with pulpitis or necrosis are indicated for endodontic treatment. Paediatric endodontics is one of the important clinical procedures among the various treatment options for cariously involved non vital teeth. The removal of organic debris is the main purpose of instrumentation in pulpectomy procedures in primary teeth. This goal can be achieved with manual or rotary nickel titanium instruments. In order to develop better techniques, a new generation of endodontic instruments has been designed. This article will focus on the use of rotary endodontic techniques in pulpectomy procedure in primary teeth.

Key Words Rotary endodontics; rotary files; pulpectomy; primary teeth

ABSTRACT

The possible occurrence of implant failure is a major concern for implantologists and knowledge in such unavoidable fact is clinically essential. Failure of a dental implant is often related to the failure of the implant to osseointegrate correctly with the bone, or vice-versa. Implant dentistry is currently being practiced in an atmosphere of enthusiasm and optimism, because our knowledge and ability to provide service to our patients has expanded so greatly in such a short period. Complications do arise in implant dentistry. These are more often due to aging, changing health conditions, long-term wear and tear, poor home care and inadequate professional maintenance. Success cannot be guaranteed, what one can guarantee is to care, to do ones best and to be there to help in the rare instance that something goes wrong, patient appreciate and benefit from straight talk. “Unfortunately failure is often the best teacher”. The purpose of this concise review was to discuss the implant complications and failure by highlighting the major etiologic factors as well as the parameters used for evaluating such failure.

Key Words Implant failure; parameters; complications; osseointegrate

ABSTRACT

The edentulous state of the oral cavity is equivalent to the absence of any other body part with specific morphological and psychological sequelae. This case presents a patient with an edentulous maxillary arch opposing a dentate mandibular arch. The dentist has a difficult mission in evaluating the biomechanical differences in the supporting tissues for the two arches and applying the appropriate procedures to produce and maintain the conditions necessary for long-term treatment success. The dental literature evidences suggest that the maxillary arch exhibits earlier tooth loss due to various factors and that the mandibular anterior teeth are preserved the longest, so this case focuses on the oral condition in which the maxillary arch is edentulous and opposed by a natural and partially restored mandibular dentition. The main problem is that there are important qualitative and quantitative differences between natural tooth and complete denture support. The natural dentition is capable of specialized responses to occlusal demands that preserve its function, whereas the residual ridge is not and it will respond in a variable way depending on age, sex and racial category. Therefore, the replacement of the missing maxillary dentition must provide an optimum distribution of the occlusal forces in order to minimize the negative effects in the compromised edentulous arch.

Key Words Single denture; stability; retention; occlusal plane; Amalgam stops; Mesh work

ABSTRACT

Periodontal surgery has a major role in today’s esthetic dentistry. Among various indications for crown lengthening are esthetic periodontal surgeries. Although the classic indications of crown lengthening are to preserve the biological width, some procedures could be performed on sound teeth for esthetic reasons. Main indications for esthetic crown lengthening of anterior teeth are to expose the anatomic crown of teeth, reduce asymmetry between contralateral teeth, and/or reduce gingival exposure. Different indications are illustrated with cases to show the surgical treatment approach to improve the esthetic appearance for each condition.

Key Words Esthetics; crown lengthening; gummy smile; gingivectomy; periodontal surgery

ABSTRACT

The term trismus denotes a “motor disturbance of the trigeminal nerve, especially spasm of the masticatory muscles, with difficulty in opening the mouth.” Trismus is a condition that impairs eating, interferes with oral hygiene, restricts access for dental procedures, and may adversely affect speech and facial appearance. The success of treatment depends on recognition of the cause and initiation of appropriate management. Ideally trismus appliances are used in conjunction with physical therapy and are most effective when the condition is the result of muscle fibrosis or scar tissue that has not yet matured. This article describes the various appliances used in treatment of trismus which acts either externally or internally and the forces they impart can be continuous or intermittent, light or heavy and elastic or inelastic.

Key Words Trismus; internally activated trismus appliances; externally activated trismus appliances; therabite

ABSTRACT

An increasing number of adult patients have been seeking orthodontic treatment, and a short treatment time has been a recurring request. To meet their expectations, a number of surgical techniques have been developed to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. The PAOO (Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics) or Wilckodontics, technique synergizes selective decortication facilitated orthodontics with periodontal regeneration and alveolar augmentation in order to create rapid orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Therefore by combining periodontal surgical care together with PAOO plus Orthodontic treatment, patients are more willing to accept comprehensive dental care, since the time required for comprehensive orthodontic therapy can be reduced by 60-75%.

Key Words Periodontal regeneration; regional acceleratory phenomena; accelerated osteogenic orthodontics

ABSTRACT

Child abuse is prevalent in every segment of the society and is witnessed in all social, ethnic, religious, and professional strata. Maltreatment of children includes physical, sexual or emotional abuse as well as child neglect. The long-term term effects of child abuse and neglect are painful and damaging. Among health professionals, dentists are probably in the most favourable position to recognize CAN, because 50% to 75% of reported lesions involve the mouth region, the face, and the neck. Besides dentists have a continuing relationship with their paediatric patients and their families, as it is necessary for a patient to be seen several times in a month. This fact not only gives the dentist a chance to the physical and psychological condition of a child but also the family environment. Despite all these opportunities in detecting child maltreatment, they seldom report suspected orofacial injuries. As members of the dental profession, we should realize that we find ourselves in a unique position to observe symptoms of child abuse. Providing the proper training to the dentists, we give them the power to participate actively in a process that may help to save the lives of otherwise helpless children.

Key Words Child abuse and neglect; dentist; detection

ABSTRACT

With the increase in the number of adults undergoing orthodontic treatment, there has been a corresponding increase in demand for more esthetic orthodontic appliances. These new appliances combine both acceptable esthetics and adequate technical performance. This article presents the currently available appliances and discusses the potential problems associated with each. Recent advances have also been described.

Key Words Esthetics; brackets; archwires

ABSTRACT

A pin retained amalgam restoration may be defined as a type of complex amalgam restoration requiring the placement of one or more pins in the dentin to provide adequate resistance and retention forms. Pins are used whenever adequate resistance and retention forms cannot be established with slots, locks, or undercuts only. The pin-retained amalgam is an important adjunct in the restoration of teeth with extensive caries or fractures. Not only the pins help in binding the amalgam to the tooth structure, they also help in binding the weak tooth structure to the amalgam. This case report presents the innovative technique that outlines the reconstruction of severely damaged, posterior teeth with a missing functional cusp.

Key Words Dental amalgam; pin-retained amalgam; self-threading pin

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: This study was undertaken to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practises regarding hepatitis B virus among dental interns in Mumbai.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross sectional questionnaire based study was undertaken among the 225 dental interns from all the dental colleges in Mumbai. Questionnaire consisted of demographic information, questions related to knowledge, attitude and practices about hepatitis B infection. Data was analysed using spss software.

Results: The mean age of the respondents was 22.31+3.4 years with 38.28% males and 61.72 females. 79.6% of the interns were immunized against HBV. 71.6% of the interns knew about the transmission of HBV via parenteral, sexual and perinatal modes. Only half of the interns knew about the signs of hepatitis B and merely 32% knew about the post exposure prophylaxis.

CONCLUSION: overall there is a need to provide formal and obligatory education about Hepatitis B infection, its transmission, prevention along with update on infection control practices for health care providers.

Key Words Hepatitis B infection; survey; vaccination; post exposure prophylaxis

ABSTRACT

Cleft lip (cheiloschisis) and cleft palate (palatoschisis) can occur individual or together. Individuals with CLP may experience problems with feeding, speaking, hearing and social integration that can be corrected to varying degrees by surgery, dental treatment, speech therapy and psychological intervention. In India over 35,000 babies per year are affected. This review signifies the etiological factors, signs and symptoms, classification and its comprehensive treatment.

Key Words Cleft lip; cleft palate; chelioschisis; palatoschisis

ABSTRACT

Background: Literature suggests increase in the prevalence of various ergonomics related disorders among dentists and but there is lack of information related to knowledge, attitude and practice regarding ergonomics in routine dental practice in Indian scenario.

Objective: The present study was undertaken to assess knowledge, attitude and practice about ergonomics among oral health professional in Jodhpur city, Rajasthan, India.

Methodology: The study was done among all the dentists of the Jodhpur city (150). A total of 100 dentists voluntarily participated in the study making a response rate of 67%. Data collection was done by close ended and self administered questionnaire. Knowledge, attitude and behaviour were assessed by 20, 8 and 8 items and demographic variables like age, gender, religion, income, years of clinical experience, marital status, IDA membership was also assessed.

RESULTS: The present study shows no significant relation between knowledge, attitude and behavior. Males have more positive attitude and behavior than females towards ergonomics in routine dental practice and there is positive significant association of Hindu religion and behavior compared with other religions (p≤0.05).

Conclusion: It can be concluded from the study results that oral health professional need to emphasize on practicing ergonomics in their routine dental practice to avoid major ergonomics related health problems.

Key Words Dentists; ergonomics; Indian scenario

ABSTRACT

Objective: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remain the greatest threat to dental team which has high chances of unknowingly encountering patients who are infected with HIV/ and Hepatitis B virus. The present review is an attempt to collect and concise the information available on prevention and post exposure prophylaxis as a ready reference for the clinician.

Key Words Human immunodeficiency virus; hepatitis B virus; post exposure prophylaxis; vaccination; prevention

ABSTRACT

Dental caries still continues to be a problem for majority of individuals and it can be a serious problem for medically compromised, developmentally disabled and elderly individuals. Water fluoridation, systemic and topical fluorides have been used for many years to supply supplemental fluoride to combat dental caries. The latest fluoride research is investigating the use of slow release devices for long term provision of fluoride. Slow-release fluoride devices were developed based on the inverse relationship existing between intra-oral fluoride levels and dental caries experience. A substantial number of studies have demonstrated that these devices are effective in raising intra-oral F concentrations at levels able to reduce enamel solubility, resulting in a caries-protective effect. However, retention rates have been shown to be the main problem related to these devices and still require further improvements. Although the results of these studies are very promising, further randomized clinical trials are needed in order to validate the use of these devices in clinical practice. The concept of continuously providing low levels of intra-oral fluoride has great potential for caries prevention in high caries-risk groups.

Key Words Fluorides; slow fluoride-releasing device; dental caries; prevention

ABSTRACT

Exophytic growth of the oral cavity often presents a diagnostic challenge because a diverse group of pathologic process can produce such lesions. Inflammatory hyperplasia is one of the important etiology behind the exophytic growths of the oral cavity. The pyogenic granuloma is the most common type of inflammatory hyperplasia found in the oral cavity especially in the gingiva. This case report has described an inflammatory reactive lesion diagnosed as pyogenic granuloma in a 14 year old male patient.

Key Words Inflammatory hyperplasia; pyogenic granuloma; traumatic fibroma

ABSTRACT

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the degree of dental fear and anxiety experienced by a patient prior to prosthodontic treatment, to establish a comfortable patient-dentist relationship, which would help in framing a better treatment plan, evaluate the major cause of avoidance of dental treatment, and assist the dentist in management of anxious patient.

Materials and methods: This cross-sectional questionnairebased study was conducted among 379 patients to determine the dental fear and anxiety experienced by a patient prior to prosthodontics treatment. Dental fear was assessed with the help of visual analog scale (VAS). Dental anxiety was assessed with the help of modified dental anxiety scale (MDAS). A questionnaire was handed over to the patient to get their personal details and to assess the degree of dental fear and anxiety experienced by patient and the purpose of study was explained to each and every participant.

Results: According to chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, and Mann-Whitney U test, females are more fearful than males. According to statistical analysis, mean fear among the study participants was 24.27 and anxiety was 10.02. Among the different age groups, mean anxiety was highest in age group 18 to 27, which was 10.36 and lowest in 58+ age group, which was 7.44. According to Mann-Whitney U test, females are more afraid to visit the dental clinic where mean value is 2.18.

Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that anxiety is higher in females compared with males and according to age, the most anxious age group is young age, i.e., 18 to 27. Females were more prone to cancel their appointment, and also get more fearful and anxious by seeing the instruments.

Clinical significance: It helps in the management of fearful and anxious patient.

Keywords: Anxiety, Assess, Fear, Visual analog scale.

How to cite this article: Mishra SD, Sushma R, Guru RC, Makani R. A Survey to assess the Fear and Anxiety of Patients prior to Prosthodontic Treatment. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(1):30-36.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of four topical desensitizing agents on dentinal tubule impediment utilizing confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Buccal cervical areas of 45 extracted human molars were smoothed and wetcleaned with SiC paper, trialed by utilization of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) so as to mimic the clinical aspect of overly sensitive dentin of cervical surfaces.
The teeth were randomly divided into one control group (n = 5) and four experimental groups, as indicated by the dentin surface treatments: group I: GLU; group II: MSC; group III: NAN; group IV: TMD; group V: control. The samples were analyzed under the confocal laser examining magnifying lens. The extents of totally blocked, halfway impeded, and open tubules inside each group were calculated.
The ratios of totally and incompletely blocked tubules to the total tubules for all the groups were determined, and the data were statistically analyzed utilizing nonparametric tests and statistical significance was calculated. The depth of penetration was greatest for MS Coat (1.35), while it was least for Gluma (1.07). The difference among all the groups was not statistically significant for depth of penetration. Gluma desensitizer demonstrated all the more totally impeded tubules (0.44) as well as partially blocked tubules (0.37). The distinctions among all the groups were statistically significant for tubule impediment (p ≤ 0.05).

Keywords: Confocal laser microscopy, Dentinal hypersensitivity, Topical desensitizing agents.

How to cite this article: Chouksey P, Shankaregowda AM, Lingareddy UH, Paramashivaiah A, Lakshminarasimhaiah V, Lingaiah U. An in vitro Analysis of Different Desensitizing Agents applied on Human Dentin. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(1):5-10.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Orthodontics has become a vital part of dentistry. Maintaining oral hygiene is very critical, particularly prior to and during orthodontic treatment. Almost all patients with fixed orthodontic appliance will get gingivitis at some point during the treatment. So, the present study was conducted to evaluate the plaque removal efficacy of different mouthwashes in subjects with fixed orthodontic appliances.

Materials and methods: A total of 45 subjects were involved in this study. And these were randomly allotted three groups, i.e., group I: Neem mouthwash, group II: Aloe vera mouthwash, and group III: Chlorhexidine mouthwash. Clinical examination was done using plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) at baseline and after 1 month. Data were summarized using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 20. Paired t-test was used to analyze the statistical significance.

Results: Among all the three different mouthwash groups, group III (chlorhexidine mouthwash) showed a maximum plaque reduction after 1 month (0.312 ± 0.112), followed by group I (neem mouthwash) 0.516 ± 0.202, group II (aloe vera mouthwash) 0.844 ± 0.012. Significant difference was found in the reduction of plaque scores among all the three groups. In GI score, group III (chlorhexidine mouthwash) showed a maximum reduction after 1 month. (0.290 ± 0.028), followed by group I (neem mouthwash) 0.320 ± 0.022, group II (aloe vera mouthwash) 0.680 ± 0.028. Significant difference was found in chlorhexidine mouthwash and neem mouthwash groups.

Conclusion: The present study concluded that both neem and aloe vera mouthwashes can be used as an alternative to chlorhexidine mouthwash, as they reduced PI score significantly and it could be helpful to orthodontic subjects in maintaining their oral hygiene.

Keywords: Dental plaque, Fixed orthodontic appliances, Gingivitis, Mouthwash.

How to cite this article: Shetty P, Amin V, Siddharth R, Saldanha CL, Dsouza SR. Chemical Plaque Removal Efficacy in Subjects with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances: A Comparative Study. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(1):1-4.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Aim: To evaluate the clinical and microbiological effects of diode laser used as an adjunctive therapy to scaling and root planing (SRP) to that of SRP and laser alone for the treatment of chronic periodontitis (CP).

Materials and methods: Forty patients with chronic generalized periodontitis were recruited for the study, out of which 120 sites are treated and grouped as follows: group I (40 sites were treated with SRP), group II (40 sites were treated with SRP followed by adjunctive diode laser therapy), and group III (40 sites were treated with diode laser alone). The following clinical parameters were evaluated at baseline and 10 weeks after therapy: gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL). Subgingival plaque samples were collected into a vial containing 1 mL transport medium, i.e., thioglycolate broth medium and transported to laboratory for anaerobic culture.

Results: At 10 weeks, all groups demonstrated significant enhancements with respect to every single clinical parameter contrasted to baseline (all p < 0.05). There were no significant differences among groups as far as changes of clinical parameters in any time interval (all p > 0.05). Likewise at 10 weeks after treatment, the microbiological examination demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in bacterial count (BC) compared with baseline (p < 0.05), but there were no significant differences among groups with respect to BC in any time interval (all p > 0.05).

Conclusion: Taking everything into account, the present study demonstrated that the use of diode laser as an adjunct to conventional periodontal treatment (i.e., SRP) and diode laser alone demonstrated no extra advantages contrasted with conventional periodontal treatment (i.e., SRP).

Keywords: Chronic periodontitis, Diode laser, Scaling and root planing.

How to cite this article: Singh NS, Chungkham S, Devi NR, Devi AN. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Diode Laser as an Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing in the Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis: A Clinical and Microbiological Study. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(1):25-29.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Since the 1950s, presurgical infant orthopedics has been in use as an adjunctive neonatal therapy for the correction of cleft lip and palate. Nasoalveolar molding is used successfully to reshape the nasal cartilage and to mold the maxillary arch before surgical repairing cleft lip.

Aim: The aim of the present study is to correct cleft lip and palate by using nasoalveolar molding (NAM).

Case report: We describe the case of a 2-day-old baby who presented with unilateral cleft lip and palate, which was corrected by the NAM technique. First, we describe the use of acrylic which is attached to the vestibular shield of an oral molding plate in order to mold the nasal alar cartilages into its normal form and site during the neonatal period. This technique takes benefit of the flexibility of immature cartilage and its capability to sustain a permanent correction of its form. This article presents the appliance design, clinical management, and biomechanical principles of NAM therapy.

Conclusion: Use of NAM has removed surgical scars related to conventional columella reconstruction and has decreased the number and price of revised surgical procedures.

Keywords: Cleft lip and palate, Nasoalveolar molding, Presurgical orthopedics.

How to cite this article: Doifode D, Ninawe N, Khandelwal V, Bahadure R, Nagpal D, Chouhan SP. Nasoalveolar Molding in Infant with Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(1):87-90.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Dental care is sometimes generally underestimated by people due to lack of awareness or sometimes due to busy life. Increase in periodontal problem is noticed in Indian population due to negligence. So, importance of dental care is always underestimated; at the same time, the need for regular dental visit and reinforcement or oral health education cannot be neglected.

Aim: To assess oral hygiene awareness and practices among patients attending the outpatient department (OPD) at Dental College, Lucknow, India.

Materials and methods: A total of 281 patients attending the OPD at Dental College, Lucknow, India, were selected for the study. The samples selected were aged between 16 and 90 years. A self-constructed questionnaire was prepared and presented to the patients. Choices of questions were based on knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding oral health, such as type of brush used, frequency of brushing, reason of changing toothbrush, type of bristles, and behavior toward dental treatment. Responses from the patients were evaluated statistically.

Results: Out of 281 patients, 210 (74.7%) said that they use toothbrush regularly, so the most common instrument used for oral hygiene practice was toothbrush, and the second most commonly used oral hygiene aid was chewing stick, i.e., 17.7%. Majority of study participants (71.8%) said that they brush once a day, whereas 24.9% said that they brush twice daily. However, only 1.7% patients were found using mouthwash and none of the study participants were using any kind of interdental aids, so overall lack in knowledge, attitude, and practices among people was seen with respect to oral hygiene practices.

Conclusion: The study shows that a large number of people have started using soft brushes. Majority of people are changing toothbrush at recommended interval, but the horizontal pattern of brushing is still more common among people. Use of oral hygiene aids like mouthwash and dental floss was found to be less. Though most of the people use toothbrush and toothpaste, still there is requirement for educational program to increase awareness regarding oral health. Whenever a patient visits a dental college OPD for any problem, they must be educated and motivated regarding prevention of oral diseases, preferably through oral health education section/museum present at the dental college. At the same time, toothbrushing demonstration section should also be set up at every dental college for educating the correct technique of toothbrushing.

Keywords: Awareness, Motivation, Oral hygiene, Toothpaste.

How to cite this article: Gupta VK, Mishra G, Malhotra S, Ahuja A, Mishra J. Oral Hygiene Awareness and Practices among Patients attending Outpatient Department at Dental College, Lucknow. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(1):21-24.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Introduction: General health depends on the oral health. A vast majority of synthetic antimicrobial agents were developed to control oral infections. Side effects and drug resistance of these antimicrobial agents became barrier in successful treatment. Global scenario is now changing toward the use of nontoxic and eco-friendly products. Medicinal plant extracts are emerging as alternative to synthetic drugs.

Aim: This in vitro study evaluated antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Moringa, Laxmitaru, Mullatha, and Communist paccha against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans.

Materials and methods: Ethanolic leaf extracts of Moringa, Laxmitaru, Mullatha, and Communist paccha were prepared. E. faecalis and C. albicans were cultured on agar plates and leaf extracts were added. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Ethanol was used as positive control. Agar well diffusion test was performed and zone of inhibition was calculated in millimeter. Result was analyzed statistically.

Results: Ethanolic extract of Mullatha leaf showed maximum zone of inhibition followed by Moringa, Laxmitaru, and Communist paccha against E. faecalis and C. albicans respectively

Conclusion: Study suggested the use of leaf extracts of Moringa, Laxmitaru, Mullatha, and Communist paccha as endodontic irrigant and as antifungal agent in oral candidal infections.

Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, Candida albicans, Communist paccha, Enterococcus faecalis, Laxmitaru, Moringa, Mullatha.

How to cite this article: Jeeva PP, Gopinathan AS, Lalithamma JJ, Zarina R, Sibi AS. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf Extracts of Moringa, Laxmitaru, Mullatha, and Communist Paccha against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans: An in vitro Study. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(1):11-14.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficiency of gingival crevicular blood (GCB) for assessment of blood glucose level as a chairside test in the dental clinics and evaluate the influence of Phase I periodontal therapy on the glycemic control of diabetic subjects. A comparative evaluation of glucose levels of gingival blood and fingerstick capillary blood was done before the periodontal therapy and 45 days after the periodontal therapy. Totally, 50 known diabetic patients having untreated moderate-to-severe periodontitis in the age group of 25 to 60 years from the Department of Periodontology and Implantology, D. J. College of Dental Sciences and Research, Modinagar, India, were selected for the study. Patients requiring antibiotic premedication, any disorder that is accompanied by an abnormally low or high hematocrit, having intake of substances that interfere with the coagulation system, severe cardiovascular, hepatic, immunologic, renal, hematological, or other organ disorders were excluded from the study. Glucose levels were measured from the gingival blood using glucometer and from the capillary blood (finger puncture method) using glucometer during dental examination. Phase I periodontal therapy was carried out in all the patients, and the blood glucose levels were measured at baseline and 45th day after the periodontal treatment. Using statistical analysis, the glucose levels of GCB and capillary blood glucose levels were analyzed and compared. The analysis showed no statistically significant difference in blood glucose levels between the two above-mentioned groups. With this study, we can arrive at the conclusions that GCB can provide an acceptable source for measuring blood glucose in the study’s specific glucose self-monitor, and it can be used for the dental office evaluation of blood glucose level. A better glycemic control is observed in diabetic subjects after the Phase I periodontal therapy. Hence, prevention and control of periodontal disease should be considered as an integral part of diabetes control.

Keywords: Capillary blood glucose, Diabetes, Gingival crevicular blood glucose.

How to cite this article: Sharma D, Dahiya V, Shukla P, Shukla P, Malhotra G, Joshi CS. Comparative Evaluation of Gingival Crevicular Blood Glucose Levels Pre- and Postscaling and Root Planing with Capillary Blood Glucose Levels in Diabetic Patients with Chronic Periodontitis: A Clinical Study. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(1):15-20.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Aims and objectives: The present study is conducted to explore the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding management of oral precancerous and cancerous lesions among oral surgeons.

Materials and methods: The present study is a cross-sectional, questionnaire descriptive study conducted in Chhattisgarh state, India. The study was conducted from April to May 2017. The study participants were dental specialists who had passed their master’s degree in subject of oral and maxillofacial surgery.

Results: According to 30 (42%) oral surgeons, tobacco is the main etiology of oral cancer or precancerous lesions. Nonscrapable white lesions are the most common early manifestation of oral cancer as reported by 38 (52%) study participants. Majority of study participants [66 (92%)] agreed with the statement that prognosis of oral precancerous lesions and oral cancer depends on early detection. Only 18 (25%) study participants regularly read journals, read books, and attend workshops to keep updated about current knowledge about management of oral cancer and precancerous lesions.

Conclusion: It has been concluded that oral surgeons had a good knowledge, positive attitude, and good practices regarding the management of oral cancer and oral precancerous lesions among oral surgeons.

Keywords: Attitude, Knowledge, Oral cancer, Oral precancerous, Practice.

How to cite this article: Bhatia P, Abraham DV, Khan AS, Singh C, Agarwal R, Patel D. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice regarding Management of Oral Cancer and Oral Precancerous Lesions among Oral Surgeons in Chhattisgarh State, India. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(1):59-63.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Class II malocclusions may present with skeletal features of mandibular retrognathism, midface protrusion, and dental features of distal step molar relation. An unusually large overjet and/ or variable combinations of these features are common in class II malocclusions. Europeans have tried to grow deficient and retropositioned mandibular with the help of various remarkable and fixed appliances called myofunctional therapy, viz., Frankel, Bionator, Twin Block, etc. Although timing of treatment, mode of their action, treatment benefits, and mechanism of craniofacial adaption have been researched extensively, the subject of functional appliances has always been a matter of discussion with conflicting views. The article provides an insight into early diagnosis and nonextraction fixed mechanotherapy approach for treatment of complex malocclusions.

Keywords: Class II malocclusions, Functional jaw orthopedic, Skeletal malocclusion twin block.

How to cite this article: Bagul V, Parhad S, Thadani ML, Dhanjani V, Vora K, Upadhay B. Functional Jaw Orthopedic Correction of Class II Malocclusion: A Novel Approach. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(1):96-99.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess and compare the oral health status of cerebral palsy (CP) children attending a day care center for various age groups, gender, and socioeconomic background.

Materials and methods: Fifty-one subjects were selected out of which 49 reported. This study was carried out as a part of an oral health camp organized by us and consent was obtained from school authorities before the screening. School authorities provided the needed information during the screening by filling a questionnaire completed by the teachers. All the attending subjects were examined using standard World Health Organization methods and oral health indices to assess dental caries, oral hygiene status.

Results: Fifty-one subjects aged 6 to 20 years comprising 65% males and 35% females participated in the study. Over 85% were from parents of poor and middle-level educational background. The mean decayed, missing, filled teeth (dmft/DMFT) index score was seen to significantly increase with age, while there was no significant difference across gender and socioeconomic background. The oral hygiene status was mostly fair and poor for most of the population, while mean oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S) had no significant difference for age, gender, and socioeconomic background.

Conclusion: The prevalence of dental caries was high for the subjects in this study which increased with age. The results point toward lack of awareness and negligence for oral health care.

Clinical significance: The CP children would benefit from modification of diet by educating the parents, improved oral hygiene habits and regular visits to the dentists and steps should be taken to improve that.

Keywords: Cerebral palsy, Dental caries, Oral hygiene special child.

How to cite this article: Aastha, Gautam KK, Aggarwal R, Upadhya VK. Oral Health Status of Children with Cerebral Palsy attending Center for Individuals with Special Health care Needs. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(1):76-79.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Edentulism is the result of tooth loss which compromises quality of a patient by yielding poor health. For such patients, removable complete denture is one of the options among various treatment modalities and patient satisfaction becomes a more important determinant in the prognosis of complete denture therapy. After denture insertion, patients may experience difficulty in wearing complete denture and many patients may not be aware of limited efficiency of complete dentures. The present study aimed to assess most common reasons of postinsertion denture problems and its frequency among conventional complete dentures (CCDs) and biofunctional prosthetic system (BPS) dentures.

Materials and methods: This study was carried out on 92 patients grouped into two, wearing CCDs and BPS dentures fabricated by a prosthodontist, with an age range between 45 and 87 years. After placement of dentures, details of postinsertion problems at each visit were recorded by asking questions which followed standard questionnaire.

Results: Patients wearing BPS dentures showed least postinsertion corrections with high acceptance rate compared with CCDs. Also, mastication and speech problems of CCDs ranged highest compared with discomfort problems followed by other problems and problems of appearance.

Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, the biofunctional prosthesis had least corrections with high acceptance rate compared with conventional dentures in regard to many factors. Patients wearing complete dentures require periodic recall visits about denture maintenance, and a thorough knowledge about clinical and lab procedures of denture fabrication provides best guidance for lab technicians by a professional, thus ensuring complete denture success.

Keywords: Biofunctional prosthetic system dentures, Comfort, Complete denture therapy, Denture placement, Postinsertion problem.

How to cite this article: Chandrakala V, Deepmala S. A Clinical Survey to evaluate Postinsertion Problems of Patients wearing Complete Dentures. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(1):64-67.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Stem cell technology is an emerging field. The regeneration of body parts is hardly a new concept. Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth. In many tissues, stem cells serve as a sort of internal repair system, dividing essentially without limit to replenish other cells. Scientists primarily worked with two kinds of stem cells from animals and humans, such as the embryonic stem cells and nonembryonic somatic or adult stem cells. In the past decades, great interest has arisen in research in the field of stem cells, which may have important applications in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and cell therapy as well as gene therapy. There is, however, much to be investigated about the specific characteristics, such as the efficacy and safety of the new drugs based on this type of cells. Cell therapy is based on the transplantation of live cells into an organism in order to repair a tissue or restore lost or defective functions. Stem cell research is still in its emerging stages of development and the market related to cell therapy is, therefore, highly immature, but the results achieved to date raise great expectations. With an understanding of these basic aspects, other specific objectives related to studies of cellular differentiation and physiology can be focused on. These insights will be helpful in enhancing the knowledge, prevention, and treatment of certain congenital or acquired defects. Furthermore, it is expected that research in stem cells applications and the use of different stem cell therapies will soon come to be considered as viable alternate or adjuvant therapies in clinical dentistry.

Keywords: Differentiation, Regeneration, Somatic or adult stem cells, Stem cell therapy, Stem cells.

How to cite this article:Pradhan D, Sharma L, Das M, Neha, Todkar M, Ali S. A Review on Stem Cells Approach in Dentistry: A Boon or Bane for the Dental Professionals? Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(1):80-82.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

An area of soft tissue along the junction of the hard and soft palate on which pressure, within physiologic limits of the tissues, can be applied by a denture to aid in its retention can be defined as the posterior palatal seal (PPS). The functions of PPS are to provide retention, to prevent food from getting under the base of the denture, to diminish the gag reflex, to make the denture less conspicuous to the tongue, and to counteract denture warpage due to dimensional changes during the curing process by providing a thick border. The location and recording of the PPS, although being a very significant step, are still a frequently neglected procedure, because of lack of proper knowledge. Clinically, various different locations of the vibrating line resulted from different methods. This study was therefore designed to evaluate if the posterior and anterior vibrating lines could be distinguished as separate lines of flexion and to evaluate type of soft palate among Indian population, i.e., Wardha population. The following conclusions were made, from the above study: (a) Two separate lines of flexion could be located in Indian population, when the appropriate action was elicited for the posterior and anterior vibrating lines; (b) in flat group (group III), the vibrating line was farther posteriorly (i.e., closer to a line joining both hamular notches), resulting in the broadest PPS area, whereas the posterior extension of the PPS area in the deep vault was less than in groups II (medium) and III (deep). (c) In group III (flat), the width of the PPS area was greater than in groups I (deep) and II (medium). This width was the least in group I (deep).

Keywords: Anterior, Hamular notch, Posterior palatal seal, Posterior vibrating lines.

How to cite this article: Pisulkar S, Bhola R, Pakhan AJ, Godbole SR, Dahane T. Prevalence of Types of Soft Palate in Indian Population in Wardha Region, Maharashtra, India: An in vivo Study. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(1):37-40.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Odontomas are benign lesions that take origin from dental tissues. They are generally classified into complex and composite type. Odontomas are usually asymptomatic but may present with signs and symptoms relating to their presence. The present case report is based on incidental finding of odontoma detected on routine radiographic examination of a 16-year-old female patient, who complained of over-retained deciduous tooth and missing of permanent tooth in maxillary anterior region of jaw. Various radiographic examinations using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) were performed, which exhibited compound odontoma. The lesion was surgically operated and given for histopathological examination. Final diagnosis was given based on biopsy report obtained after surgical removal of the lesion.

Keywords: Compound odontoma, Cone beam computed tomography, Hamartomas, Odontoma, Retained deciduous tooth.

How to cite this article: Patel J, Devi S, Supnekar S, Deshpande N, Krishnakumar R. Compound Composite Odontoma diagnosed using Various Radiographic Examinations. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(1):91-95.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Precision in shade matching and color reproduction is vital for esthetic success of prostheses. Conventional shade matching technique is subjective and can provide inconsistent results. However, technology-based systems allow for standardization and repeatability in shade matching.

This study reviews technology-based shade matching systems and their role in standardized shade determination. It also discusses the concept of computer color matching (CCM) using Kubelka-Munk theory, which correlates the concentration of dyes or pigments in a colored layer to the reflectance properties of that layer. Computer color formulation has been used with success in various industries, such as printing and textile industries. This study considers its applicability in dentistry.

Keywords: Color measurement, Colorimeter, Computer color matching, Kubelka-Munk theory, Spectrophotometer.

How to cite this article: Ramanna PK. Standardizing Shade Matching with Technology-based Shade Matching Systems and Color Formulation. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(1):83-86.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Aims and objectives: To determine and compare the retention of different esthetic post systems within the root canal, i.e., zirconium dioxide ceramic post (Zr post) (Cosmopost Ivoclar Vivadent) and glass fiber-reinforced composite post (FRC post) (Twin Luscent Anchor, Dentatus, USA), and the effect of increase in diameter and different surface treatments on the retentivity of these posts.

Materials and methods: A total number of 24 prefabricated endodontic posts, including 18 Zr post and six glass FRC post, were used for the study. Two diameters of Zr post, i.e., 1.4 and 1.7 mm, and two diameters of FRC post, 1.3 and 1.6 mm, were used. The Zr posts were divided into three main groups and subjected to three different surface treatments. The first group (group I) served as the control group and was given no surface treatment; instead, it was used as obtained from the manufacturer. The second group (group II) was given a surface treatment of airborne particle abrasion using 110 μm alumina particles. The third group (group III) was ground evenly with a coarse grit diamond bur mounted on a high-speed handpiece. The fourth group (group IV) constituted the FRC post and this group of posts was not given any surface treatment. Thus, the total sample size was fixed as 24 with 6 each to groups I, II, III, and IV. In each of these four groups, three posts each will be with 1.4 and 1.7 mm diameter, respectively. These samples were tested for retentivity, in an Instron universal testing machine.

Results: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), small sample Student’s t-test, and Pearson correlation coefficient were the statistical tools employed to analyze the observations. The glass FRC post group IV were reported to have the greatest retentivity, followed by group II. When airborne particle abrasion with 110 μm alumina on the Zr posts significantly improved its retention, and were related in a linear fashion, the surface roughening with coarse diamond bur on Zr post failed to do so. Both groups I and III did not show any increase in retentivity with an increase in the diameter. Group IV showed an increase in retentivity when the diameter of the posts was increased.

Conclusion: Clinical implications of the study are that in highly demanding situations of esthetics and fracture, the zirconium dioxide ceramic post after airborne particle abrasion with 110 μm alumina is a promising restoration, provided the individual is not a bruxer or engaged in sports where there is a risk of tooth fracture. Even though zirconia post showed better fracture resistance than glass fiber-reinforced posts, the cost factor, retention, and its free availability make the glass FRC posts a promising endodontic restoration for badly damaged teeth.

Keywords: Retentivity, Surface treatment, Zirconia post.

How to cite this article: Alapatt JG, Manjuran NG, Jaini JL, Sreelal TP, Karunakaran H, Ravichandran R. Effect of Diameter and Surface Treatments on the Retentivity of New Esthetic Posts. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(1):68-75.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Aim: The present study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of laser-assisted lip repositioning for gummy smile correction.

Materials and methods: This was a prospective study with sample size of 10 patients with a gummy smile of more than 3 mm. Clinical assessment of pre- and postoperative lip length at rest and at smile was done. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey test and Chi-square test were used for statistical tabulation.

Results: On assessing, the mean value of pre-op gingival display was 5.4 mm , postoperative 6 months showed a mean value of 1.9 mm The results were statistically significant. Measurement of lip length showed pre-op mean value of 19.20 mm at rest and 14.20 mm at smile; postoperative results at 6 months was estimated at 20.1 mm at rest and 15.7 mm while smiling, p=0.460 lip length at rest and p= 0.082 lip length at smile.

Conclusion: It is an efficient technique for correction of gummy smile and an excellent alternative to more costly procedures with high morbidity rates. It is also minimally invasive with minimal postoperative swelling and pain. But extensive research is definitely imperative so as to increase its range of application.

Keywords: Diode laser, Gummy smile, Lip repositioning.

How to cite this article: Umashankar DN, Jamoh Y, Srinath N, Kumar RM. Laser-assisted Lip Repositioning for Gummy Smile. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(1):41-47.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Aim: The present study was carried out to assess the wound healing, bone formation, and preservation after placing sodium carboxymethyl starch in mandibular extraction sockets.

Materials and methods: A prospective study with a sample size of 60 where 30 patients received sodium carboxymethyl on one of the mandibular extraction sockets as the test group and contralateral side was used as the control group. Student’s paired t-test and McNemar test were used for statistical tabulation.

Results: On assessing bone density, the test group showed more mean values of bone density 2.33 HU, p-value of 0.14 in 3rd month, and 2.37 HU, p-value of 0.04 in 6th month postoperative respectively.

Conclusion: Placement of sodium carboxymethyl starch significantly increases the bone density during regeneration of extraction sockets which might promise us good quality of bone formation. However, further research in the material and a longer follow-up period are desirable for a definitive conclusion.

Keywords: Bone density and preservation of bone, Bone healing, Sodium carboxymethyl, Wound healing.

How to cite this article: Umashankar DN, Saha PS, Srinath N, Kumar RM, Patil C, Jesabel PD. Efficacy of Sodium Carboxymethyl in Mandibular Extraction Sockets. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(1):48-54.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Aim: To assess the possible association of candidal carriage, candidal infection, periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus with glycemic control.

Materials and methods: This study enrolled 100 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) (50 type I and 50 type II diabetics) visiting the “Jnana Sanjeevani Diabetes Centre,” Bengaluru, and 100 nondiabetic subjects visiting the outpatient Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, RajaRajeswari Dental College & Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
The study subjects were analyzed for their glycemic status by evaluating the hemoglobin A1c levels. All the subjects were clinically examined for the signs and symptoms of candidiasis. All subjects were analyzed for their periodontal status by using Russel’s periodontal index for field studies and the presence of oral candida by quantitative culture of saliva samples on Sabouraud dextrose agar.
Comparisons between the study group and control group were done for the presence of oral candidal carriage, oral candidiasis, and periodontal status. Correlation of glycemic control and type of diabetes with periodontal disease status was analyzed.

Results: The prevalence of high candidal carriage [>400 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL] was significantly more in the study group (p < 0.001) compared with the controls. High candidal carriage was significantly increased in patients with poor glycemic status (55.6%) (p = 0.002). Candidal carriage was higher in type II diabetics, but not significant (p = 0.822). Prevalence of poor periodontal status was significantly more associated with the study group (p < 0.001). Glycemic control is significantly correlated with periodontal status with a p < 0.001. Poor periodontal status is significantly associated with type II diabetes than type I (p < 0.001).

Conclusion: The present study establishes that diabetes predisposes to high oral candidal carriage when compared with nondiabetics. Among diabetics, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of high candidal carriage between type I and type II diabetics. A positive association was seen between poor glycemic control and the prevalence of high candidal carriage. The study also reinforces that DM is a risk factor for periodontal disease. Poor glycemic control is positively associated with increased severity of periodontal disease.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Glycemic control, Oral candidiasis, Periodontitis.

How to cite this article: Lingaiah U, Latha S, Shankaregowda AM, Lakshminarasimhaiah V, Krishna SA, Virupaksha VL. Association of Oral Candidal Carriage, Candidiasis, and Periodontal Disease with the Degree of Glycemic Control in Type I and Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(1):55-58.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Background: Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) are widespread in the population and are a serious dental public health problem among children. Dental trauma may cause both functional and esthetic problems, with possible impacts on the patient’s quality of life.

Aim: The aim of the study is to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of elementary school teachers regarding dental trauma and its management.

Methodology: The targeted group included teachers working in primary (Grade 1-6) and secondary (Grade 7-12). For each question, we were interested in the proportion of teachers giving the correct answer. A sample size of 100 was taken. The questions assessed the knowledge and attitude of teachers toward their student’s dental trauma and its management. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Packages of the Social Sciences version 17.0.

Results: Among 100 teachers, 57% stated that visiting a dentist is necessary in a TDI, 23% preferred physicians, whereas 11% preferred self-medication and according to 9%, there was no need of treatment.

Conclusion: As many teachers have a low level of knowledge regarding dental trauma, there is a need for greater awareness to improve knowledge and attitude of teachers related to the emergency management of TDIs in children by organizing educative and motivational programs.

Keywords: Attitude, Dental trauma, Dental trauma, Knowledge, Traumatic dental injuries.

How to cite this article: Aldalbhi MA, Alrouji AO, Reddy PS. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Patients about Emergency Management of Dental Trauma. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(2):16-18

Source of support: Nil

Conflicts of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Background: Oral health knowledge is considered to be an essential prerequisite for health-related behavior. Oral health care can sometimes be a forgotten part of a healthy lifestyle. Hence, the aim of this study was to find out an association between knowledge of the patient with oral health awareness to maintain good oral and periodontal health.

Materials and Methods: A total of 300 patients who were attending outpatient department were selected. A structured questionnaire which includes socioeconomic status, type of toothbrush, methods of brushing, use of interdental aids, and visits to the dentist was given to the all the participated patients. Then, data were collected from all the patients and were analyzed statistically using ANOVA and Student’s unpaired f-test.

Results: The result of this study showed a lack of oral hygiene awareness and limited knowledge of oral health practice.

Conclusion: There is a need of comprehensive oral health educational programs to implement proper oral hygiene practices, thereby we can improve good oral as well as periodontal health.

Keywords: Dental visit, Oral health awareness, Oral hygiene practice, Periodontal health, Socioeconomic status.

How to cite this article: Siddeshappa ST, Dede RA, Dhonge RP, Andhare MG, Anjum A, Dhuldhwaj RM. An Overall Assessment of Oral Health Knowledge and Practice on the Periodontal Health of Adults in Beed District of Maharashtra, India. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(2):37-41.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Aims and Objectives: The present study is aimed to evaluate the biocompatibility of two new resin-based root canal sealer materials, i.e., Epiphany sealer and RoekoSeal and to compare their biocompatibility with a commonly used resin based AH plus sealer. After implantation in a subcutaneous tissue of rats and to observe local tissue reaction, at different time periods of 10 days and 90 days.

Materials and Methods: Twenty Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups of 10 each for observation after completion of 10 and 90 days following implantation, respectively. Polyethylene tubes loaded with experimental sealer and empty tube (control) were implanted subcutaneously. The subcutaneous tissues from sacrificed rats were analyzed histologically for inflammatory response and were graded with score 0-4. Results were analyzed statistically with Kruskal-Wallis tests.

Results: In this study, there are significant differences in the severity of local tissue response to AH plus, Epiphany, and Roekseal sealers 10 days group. Epiphany caused severe local tissue response, AH plus and RoekoSeal showed moderate to severe tissue response. After 90 days, the order of toxicity from highest toxic to lowest toxic for this group is Epiphany Sealer > AH Plus > RoekoSeal. The differences between these materials are statistically significant.

Conclusion: The biocompatibility of a material depends on its composition, location, and interaction with local tissues. The biologic response of the material depends on whether those components are toxic, immunogenic, or mutagenic. The dental personal should be aware of the biologic response of the material, its advantages and disadvantages as well as precautions to be taken while using the material for the safety and health of the patient. From the current study, it is concluded that Roekoseal, is relatively a biocompatible sealer as compared to AH Plus and epiphany sealers.

Keywords: Histopathological evaluation, Biocompatibility, AH Plus, Epiphany, Roekoseal, Subcutaneous tissue.

How to cite this article: Kumar NG, Sreeja J, Chand CUV. Comparative Histopathological Evaluation of the Biocompatibility of AH Plus, Epiphany, RoekoSeal: An In Vivo Study in Subcutaneous Tissue of Rats. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(2):31-36.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Objective: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been reported to have a local analgesic effect. Keeping in view the pain-relieving effect of LLLT the objective of this study was to determine the effect of two energy values of 810-nm diode low-level laser irradiation on dental pain induced by forces from separators in orthodontic treatment.

Materials and Methods: Thirty patients were enrolled in this study. Patients were randomly allocated to two groups. Patients were randomly assigned to either the 4-Joule laser energy group or the 16-Joule laser energy group with an allocation ratio of 1:1 using a simple randomization technique. 4-Joule or 16-Joule low-level laser irradiation was applied on one-half of the maxillary and mandibular arches for 5 days. The opposite half of the arches was considered the control in both groups. Laser irradiation was applied for 30 s in the alveolar bone between the second premolars, first molars, and second molars. Laser used in this study was Ga-Al-As laser device with a wavelength of 810 nm. Pain perception was evaluated with a standardized questionnaire that was answered by patients before and after laser irradiation. Data were analyzed by Wilcoxon and Friedman test. P < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results: The highest pain level was reported at day 2 following separator placement and decreased gradually until day 5. The pain intensity was lower in the laser group than in the control group. No statistical significance was found for both low-level laser energy values in comparison to the corresponding control group. At day 2, the pain intensity was lower in the laser group than in the control group and was statistically significant.

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that there was no statistically significant difference for both low-level laser energy values in comparison to the corresponding placebo treatments low-level laser irradiation, with the exception of the pain experienced on the highest pain perception day.

Keywords: Low level laser therapy - (LLLT), Visual analog scale - (VAS), Ga-Al-As diode device.

How to cite this article: Arshad F, Dharmesh HS, Bharathi VS, Ram AA, Begum S. Effect of Two Energy Values of 810-nm Diode Low-Level Laser Therapy on Reducing Pain Caused by Orthodontic Elastomeric Separators: A Split Mouth Randomized Controlled Clinical Study. Int J PrevClin DentRes 2018;5(2):42-45.

Source of support: Nil

Conflicts of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Cancer stem cells (CSC) have the ability to self-renew and are present in most tissues including breast, brain, lung, prostates, testis, ovary, esophagus, colon, and liver. Their origin is yet to be discovered, though a series of hypotheses have been proposed in this regard. CSCs play a role in not only the creation of cancer but also in its evolution, metastasis, and recurrence. CSCs have an important role in cancer therapy and the resistance towards chemotherapeutic agents. Acquisition of stemness involves epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in which epithelial cells are transformed into a mesenchymal phenotype characterized by increased capacities for migration, invasiveness, and resistance to apoptosis. EMT may also contribute to metastasis by driving dissemination of mesen-chymal CSCs to distant locations, whereupon the CSCs revert to an epithelial phenotype to support metastatic tumor growth. Several different approaches to treatment aimed at overcoming the intrinsic resistance of CSCs to conventional therapies are currently being developed. These include agents targeting tumorigenic pathways, such as JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/mTOR, and immunotherapies, including vaccines and natural killer cells employed to induce a T-cell response.

Keywords: Cancer stem cells, Metastasis, Recurrence, Resistance, Tumor microenvironment.

How to cite this article: Shaikh S, Shah A, Koshy AV, Kochar A, Sohoni R, Shaikh A. Cancer Stem Cells - An Overview. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(2):84-87.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Esthetics is the science of beauty, re-establishing dental esthetics is one of the most gratifying services that a dental professional can provide. When the complaint is associated with both hard and soft tissues, it becomes even more challenging to harmonize these structures. A multi-disciplinary approach is the preferred protocol for such cases. This article discusses a case report of successful rehabilitation of anterior esthetics involving both white and pink esthetics.

Keywords: Discolored tooth, Calcium hydroxide, Depigmentation, Gingivoplasty, Composite veneers

How to cite this article: Patel A, Choksi D, Idnani B. Anterior Esthetic Rehabilitation: Harmonizing the White and Pink. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(2):102-105.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Background: Sleep deprivation and stress has become a global phenomenon, and various epidemiologic data indicates that short sleep duration and high level of stress adversely impacts human physical health. Underlying mechanisms involves the modulation of immuneinflammatory mechanisms of the body. These changes in the host might contribute to potentiation of destructive periodontal disease. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the exploration of association between chronic periodontitis and sleep deprivation and to evaluate this Inter- Relationship With Stress Hormone (Cortisol) Levels.

Materials and Methods: Hundred subjects who were diagnosed as chronic periodontitis patients were taken in to the study. Periodontal status of subjects was assessed by pocket probing depth. All the study subjects were administered Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire for the assessment of sleep deprivation and the ones who had score as =5 were further evaluated for their corresponding serum cortisol levels.

Results: Present investigation revealed that in 80% of the chronic periodontitis cases where the PSQI Value was 5 or more than 5 (evaluated as sleep deprived patients) there was a corresponding increase in the serum cortisol levels and the results were statistically significant.

Conclusion: The present study with its results is suggestive of the association of sleep deprivation and stress with the severity of periodontal disease.

Keywords: Chronic periodontitis, Cortisol, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Sleep deprivation, Stress.

How to cite this article: Kaur TD, Bhardwaj A, Grover HS, Arora P. Exploration of Association between Chronic Periodontitis and Sleep Deprivation and Evaluation of this Interrelationship with Stress Hormone (Cortisol) Levels: A Clinico-immunological Study. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Background: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a serum protein synthesized by liver only during an inflammatory condition. The study was carried out in chronic periodontitis patients to quantitatively evaluate the serum level of CRP, before and after periodontal debridement therapy and compare the values with that obtained from patients who practiced meticulous home care alone.

Methods: A total of 40 untreated chronic periodontitis patients were selected and randomly placed into two groups: Group I (Control) and Group II (Study), each comprising of 20 subjects. The study parameters evaluated were oral hygiene status, gin-gival index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, and serum levels of CRP. From Group I patients, blood samples for estimating CRP levels were collected on the 1^st day and only oral hygiene instructions were given such as brushing twice daily by modified bass method and rinsing with 0.2% chlorhexi-dine gluconate mouthwash twice daily after brushing. At the end of 1 month, blood samples for estimating CRP levels were again collected. For Group II patients, blood samples for CRP estimation were collected for determining the baseline value before the initiation of periodontal therapy. Scaling and root planning (SRP) was performed. Furthermore, patients were then instructed to begin meticulous home care, similar to Group I patients. After 1 month from the date of performing SRP, blood sample was again collected for estimating CRP levels.

Results: The baseline CRP levels were similar in both groups (Group I: 2.39 and Group II: 2.64 mg/L). After 1 month post-operative, mean CRP value for Group II was reduced to 0.85 ± 0.66 compared to 2.40 ± 0.96 in Group I. This reduction in CRP value for the Group II, who had undergone periodontal therapy is very highly significant.

Conclusion: Periodontal debridement therapy can be employed as an effective tool in reducing the level of elevated CRP. From this study, it can be confirmed that debridement therapy gives excellent results in reducing the level of elevated systemic inflammatory markers compared to personal plaque control measures.

Keywords: Chronic Periodontitis, C-reactive protein, Periodontal debridement

How to cite this article: Kumar KCA, Nair PS. The Effect of Periodontal Debridement on C-reactive Protein in Chronic Periodontitis: A Comparative Study. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(2):19-24.

Source of support: Nil

Conflicts of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Background:
This study was conducted to assess complete denture fabricated by students for the antero-posterior arrangement of maxillary anterior teeth and to evaluate patient satisfaction level regarding esthetics and phonetics.

Materials and methods:
Study was conducted on complete denture of 100 patient (50 male and 50 female) and distance between incisive papilla to incisal edge of maxillary central incisor was investigated using modified divider, further measured by using metal scale. Esthetics and phonetics satisfaction level was recorded by both patient and expert using VAS scale.

Result:
The recorded data was analyzed stastically and found out that overall patients were more satisfied than experts regarding esthetics and phonetics.

Conclusion:
The present study strongly reports that although distance between incisive papilla and central incisor are varied yet patient are satisfied with esthetics and phonetics and thus incisive papilla cannot be alone taken as a guide in teeth arrangement.

Keywords: Arrangement of anterior teeth, Esthetics, Incisive papilla, Incisal edge, Phonetics.

How to cite this article: Sancheti RS, Joshi S, Sushma R, Kore A, Tewary S, Pawshae K, Vaswani P. Assessment of Anteroposterior Arrangement of Maxillary Anterior Teeth in Complete Denture Fabricated by Students. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(2):5-8.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Removable partial denture insertion is a very challenging procedure even for an experienced clinician. Even after the block out, the denture needs minor adjustments during the insertion. This article explains about an easy method of using an articulating paper for correct identification of interferences. This is very important during prosthesis insertion, and this prevents the unnecessary over trimming of the denture base.

Keywords: Articulating paper, Interferences, Over trimming, Prosthesis insertion.

How to cite this article: Thomas CT, Mohan SG, Raj RS. Method of Using an Articulating Paper to Locate the Interferences during an Insertion of Prosthesis. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(2):117-118.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Human growth is a composite of histologic and morphologic changes occurring from the beginning of prenatal life to senility influenced by genetics and environment. Precise age assessment is crucial in medical, dental, and forensic sciences. This review discusses various methods that are being used for age assessment.

Keywords: Biomarkers, Cervical vertebrae maturation indicators, Hand and wrist radiographs.

How to cite this article: Patel K, Patel K. Age Assessment Methods: A Review. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(2):77-83.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Gingival fibromatosis is a heterogeneous group of enlargement characterized by progressive increase in submucosal connective tissue elements. Many cases are iatrogenic and some are inherited or idiopathic. This condition is usually part of a syndrome or rarely an isolated disorder. Gingival overgrowth as a clinical characteristic of idiopathic gingival fibro-matosis causes dental complications which worsens patients’ adaptation in daily emotional, social, and functional requirements. Here, we present a rare case of a non-syndromic idiopathic gingival fibromatosis in an 11-year-old child. The diagnosis was made based on history, clinical examination, radiographic findings, and histology. Gingivectomy was carried out in all four quadrants under local anesthesia. No recurrence was observed during the follow-up, and the patient showed remarkable esthetic and functional improvement.

Keywords: Gingival fibromatosis, Gingivectomy, Syndromes.

How to cite this article: Soni S, Pani P, Bala TK, Nishant. Idiopathic Gingival Fibromatosis: A Case Report. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(2):113-116.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Moringa oleifera (MO) is a gift from the mind of God to the hands of man. This 4000-year-old herbal panacea plant has a magnificent diet therapy. This healing plant is an incredibly energizing product which helps in medical prevention. The fact that Moringa grows rapidly and easily makes it especially appealing for impoverished areas. Although its therapeutic properties are well known, its use for the well-being of humanity is less prevalent. The aim of this paper is to catalyze the efficacy of the miracle tree “MO.” Our search included the English terms such as diet therapy, healing plants, MO, therapeutic use in Google search engine, PubMed, and Medline from 1973 to 2016. We found very few articles showing the use of this plant in the treating dental diseases. We concluded that clinical benefits of in vivo studies were very little, thereby appealing for meticulous research of this nature’s marvel for the betterment of humankind.

Keywords: Diet therapy, Healing plants, Moringa oleifera.

How to cite this article: Khan DUZ, Das K, Grover N, Chakraborty M, Sharma S, Talukdar P. Indigenous Use of the Incredible Tree - Moringa Oleifera: A Review. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(2):93-97.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of connector design on magnitude and distribution pattern of compressive stress in supporting bone of implant-natural tooth supported three-unit fixed partial denture in distal extension situation.

Materials and Methods: Three-unit fixed partial denture geometric models with lower second premolar as a mesial abutment, missing lower first molar and implant as distal abutment at a second molar place in distal extension situations of the mandibular arch were evaluated using two-dimensional finite element analysis. Three geometric models were constructed with mesial and distal rigid connectors, mesial nonrigid connector, and distal nonrigid connector, respectively, using the software ANSYS: Version 10.0 (University Intermediate). The models were analyzed to evaluate compressive stress at five critical zones under static axial loading (200N) after meshing and assigning the material properties.

Results: The maximum compressive stress concentration values at mesial and distal crestal zone of the implant were -83.33 MPa and -93.30 MPa, respectively, in the model 1. The maximum compressive stress concentration values at the mesial and distal crestal zone of the implant were -51.946 MPa and -45.39 MPa, respectively, with 0.1 mm vertical movement of the connector in the model 2. The maximum compressive stress concentration values at the mesial and distal crestal zone of the implant were -1.768 Mpa and -3.903 Mpa, respectively, with 0.1 mm vertical movement of the connector in the model 3.

Conclusion: In the supporting bone around the implant abutment, the maximum compressive stress concentrations were seen in the crestal zones of model 1 with the rigid connector. In the supporting bone around the implant abutment, the minimum compressive stress concentrations were seen in the crestal zones of models with nonrigid connector.

Clinical Significance: When the implant is used as a distal abutment in distal extension case, it is recommended to place the nonrigid connector in the mesial side of distal implant abutment in implant-natural tooth supported fixed partial denture.

Keywords: Geometric model, Nonrigid connector, Rigid connector.

How to cite this article: Gowda S, Kumar L, Indrakumar HS, Sehgal K, Kashyap R, Kumar V, Quadras DD. Finite Element Analysis of Compressive Stress Pattern in Implant-Tooth Supported Fixed Partial Denture: An In Vitro Study. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(2):25-30.

Source of support: Nil

Conflicts of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Local delivery of antimicrobials in sustained or controlled delivery systems is used to enhance the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy; it might be possible to achieve gingival health without the need for invasive techniques with the use of local drug delivery systems.

Objectives: Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate and compare the effectiveness of subgingivally delivered antimicrobial bioabsorbable controlled release 0.5% azithromycin (AZM) gel and 2 mg tetracycline hydrochloride fibers as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

Methods: A 6-month randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out in 15 patients suffering from chronic periodontitis. A total of 60 sites were divided into experimental sites A and experimental sites B. The experimental sites A were treated with SRP in combination with subgingival application of biodegradable 0.5% AZM gel. The experimental sites B received SRP and subgingival application of 2 mg tetracycline hydro-chloride fibers. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and gingival margin position were recorded at baseline, 3 and 6 months.

Results: All the treatments showed significant reductions in PI, GI, PPD, and clinical attachment level (CAL) at 3 and 6 months when compared to baseline values (P < 0.05). At 6 months, experimental Group A showed significantly greater improvement in all clinical parameters than experimental Group B.

Interpretation and Conclusion: The adjunctive use of 0.5% AZM gel showed greater PPD reductions and CAL gains compared to the combination of SRP and tetracycline hydrochloride.

Keywords: Azithromycin, Drug delivery systems, Periodontitis, SRP, Tetracycline hydrochloride.

How to cite this article: Pathak T, Gupta B, Tiwari V, Tiwari N, Shaikh SA, Shivaraman V. A Comparative Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Subgingivally Delivered Antimicrobial Bio-absorbable Controlled Release 0.5% Azithromycin Gel and 2 mg Tetracycline Hydrochloride Fibres as an Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing in the Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(2):46-52

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Public health dentistry (PHD) stands as the dental conscience of the nation. In India, PHD specialty has been doing its bit in improving the oral health status since its inception in 1969; there has been little to say about the achieving complete oral health for all. The present review study was undertaken to understand and analyze the current scenario of PHD, keeping in view the comprehensive approach toward achieving complete oral health.The different comprehensive approaches in PHD can be implemented effectively, that are as: the oral health promotion should be done in more innovative and effective manner with different areas as dental health advocacy and literacy campaign, national integrated health navigation system, school-based dental clinics and oral health education in school curriculum, dental health emergency helpline and response system, etc.; Also, the public-private partnership for the different health programmes, and broad-based collaboration around the oral health. As the Improvement in health-care delivery system to reach at grass-root level more extensively and reaching the rural areas by frequent rural dental health care programs; and the special dental health care wings for special care people. Therefore, the understanding of basics and complete implementation along with follow-up of all different comprehensive approaches, PHD, will be more significant toward complete oral health care.

Keywords: Community dentistry, Dental public health, Public health dentistry, Public health programmes, Public health.

How to cite this article: Todkar M, Gaikwad M, Ali S, Kumar R, Das M, Mohanty S. Comprehensive Approach in Public Health Dentistry toward Complete Oral Health: A Review. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(2):88-92.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

ABSTRACT

Objective: The main objective of the study is to compare the efficacy of envelop flap and triangular flap in lower third molar surgery and to evaluate the effect of flap design on operating time, accessibility and ease of suturing in lower third molar surgery, post-operative complications after lower third molar removal, and periodontal health of the second molar.

Study Design: Twenty individuals with age group 18-35 years, with bilateral impacted lower third molars were the study subjects and divided into two groups - Group (A) - those in which envelop flap was used and Group (B) - those in which triangular flap was used.

Result: The results of our study suggested that flap design has an influence in post-operative complications of third molar surgery. Envelop flaps had a better short-term outcome on post-operative swelling and trismus, while triangular flaps allowed for an early return to pre-operative probing depth around the second molar. Intraoperatively it was also found that envelop flap is easier to perform and suture than the triangular flap.

Conclusion: The decision about which flap to use for third molar surgery in young patients should be according to surgeon’s preference, taking into consideration the patient’s needs and oral hygiene.

Keywords: Triangular flap, Envelope flap, Trismus

How to cite this article: Bhushan K, Sahu R, Mudgal A. Clinical Comparative Evaluation of Envelope Flap and Triangular Flap in Lower Third Molar Surgery: A Prospective Study. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2018;5(2):59-65.

Source of support: Nil

Conflicts of interest: None